第一篇：用汉英翻译搞定作文
用汉英翻译搞定作文
英语作文？背模块！还能背模块吗？千篇一律的模块，谁能相信你的英语写作能力？偶而跟我的几个同事，包括修行甚高的王江涛和可爱嘻嘻的王兆飞谈起作文，我们都感觉有不少麻烦。
英语阅读和英语作文，一个输入一个输出。而要命的是，作为学生，很多人是没有太多英语阅读，谈何输出，谈何写好作文？所以，我一直在思考，怎么才能让学生在有限的英语阅读能力下，提高其写作能力？
曾经在大学连续多年担任大一大二的初级写作课程，大三的高级写作和大四的论文写作课程，在家里，我收藏的英语原版书，除了文学，最多的就是写作书了，其次才是翻译理论书。说这些，不是硬要装什么，只是想说，我自己一直在思考和关注英语写作而已。
写作很难教？试图想象我们小时候，语文老师给我们上汉语作文课的情景吧。谁能说，好作文是老师教出来的呢？汉语如此，英语更是如此。那么，快速提高写作之路，到底在哪？这两年，稍微看了一点点别人的作品，也大概看了一下下手中的原版写作教材，挤了挤自己胸中早已快汽化的几滴墨水，我似乎得到了一点点启示。
首先，要让一个没有太多英语原文阅读经历的学生，用英语思维，用英语连贯的写作，这是天方夜谭。大多数学生的写作思路基本上有两种：
一、直接用所谓的“作文模块”；
二、要不，就是用汉语想，大概自己要怎么写，然后做一个基本的汉英翻译。
仔细分析就知道，第一种方式，早就不合时宜了。N年前，用一个作文模块，还偶尔能“雷倒”一个改卷老师，让他觉得你行文流畅，用词准确，逻辑严密。而N年以后的现在，作文模块以及在模块以内填充的几个完全不合适的单词，早就让人觉得尴尬了。
其实，第二种作文方式：先用汉语大概思考，做一个简单的汉英翻译，不失为初级阶段的写作良策。毕竟，在我看来，还不太可能有一个尚在本科阶段的学生，真的是在用英语思维，在用英语写作。这，就凸显了汉英翻译和连贯写作的必要了。
所以，大家试图读读下面的材料，以“环境污染”为例的作文，你觉得如何呢？
必要说明的是，这只是我目前的一点点不成熟的想法，试图提高水平比较差的学生的写作的权宜之计。若思考欠缺，当属能力有限，我非常乐意接纳大家的批判，这也是我把这篇文章放在这里的目的。
环境污染
开头第一段：
环境与我们的生存息息相关。越来越严重的环境污染影响了我们的生活，我们理当应该更加重视环境保护问题。
写作思路分析：
就两句话，第一句话，陈述你要谈论的话题的重要性；第二句话，告诉大家你将怎么谈论这个话题：比如，在这里，我们提示读者，我们要谈论：
一、环境污染影响生活；
二、我们应该重视环境污染。
这样写，最重要的是，符合英语作文的开头方式，提出话题，并暗示即将展开的话题。所以，如果要写好作文，自己多看别人写的开头，多分析为什么那样开头好，最好在看了别人的几个开头后，自己动手随便选一个话题，用汉语写一写。当然，这里要注意，因为我们的汉语思维力很发达，所以，要避免想汉语说得太漂亮，自己的英语能力有限，而不能把汉语转换为英语。
需要说明的是，如果是考研英语的图表作文，大家可以在这个开头的两句话中间适当用一两句话把图表叙述清楚。
翻译：
环境与我们的生存息息相关。
The existence of human being is closely related to living environment.(The existence of humans is directly bound up with the environment in which we live.越来越严重的环境污染影响了我们的生活，我们理当应该更加重视环境保护问题。The environmental pollution that is getting more and more serious has already affected our living and we should be more concerned about environment protection.翻译说明：这里英语句式的安排比较重要，最好把自己后面将要陈述的两点，即影响生活和重视问题，安排在句子的主干部分，突出即将在后面主体段落加以阐述。
主体段落：
近年来，由于车辆和工厂不断增加，空气和生活品质也不断恶化。此外，许多人缺乏公德，乱丢垃圾，以致污染了湖泊和河流。更重要的是，农民大量使用化学药物使食物中毒事件一再发生。长此下去，我们将呼吸不到新鲜空气，喝不到纯净的谁，吃不到营养的食物了。写作分析：
因为有第一段做铺垫。所以第二段直陈问题：空气污染，河流污染，食品污染，最后一个句子总结三点。需要注意，每一个英语的段落，就是一篇小文章，也要有条理，有总结。这里，就把总结的话，放到最后一句了。
正因为问题很严重，环境污染受到了各个国家政府的关注。就拿中国政府为例，202_年，全国环境污染治理投资为1106.6亿元，比上年增加4.3%。人民也会公开谈论在政府对于环境污染的新举措。总的来说，环境污染加剧的情况得到了一些控制。
写作分析：
这主体部分的第二段，也需要承接上一段，所以用了一句“正因为问题很严重，环境污染…”。这样的承上启下的句子是很必要的。同时，为了让文章有血有肉，适当的举出一个数据作为例子。最后一句话也总结了这一段话。
翻译：
近年来，由于车辆和工厂不断增加，空气和生活品质也不断恶化。
In recent years, with the increasing number of vehicles and factories, the quality of air and living is worsening.此外，许多人缺乏公德，乱丢垃圾，以致污染了湖泊和河流。
Moreover, many people lack public morality and they throw garbage about, so that lakes and rivers are contaminated.更重要的是，农民大量使用化学药物使食物中毒事件一再发生。
What’s worse, farmers use a large amount of chemicals, which leads to the repeated incidents of food poisoning.长此下去，我们将呼吸不到新鲜空气，喝不到纯净的谁，吃不到营养的食物了。If the situation goes on like this, we won’t have fresh air to breathe, pure water to drink, or nourishing food to eat.正因为问题很严重，环境污染受到了各个国家政府的关注。
It is because of the serious problems caused by it that different governments attach great importance on environmental pollution.就拿中国政府为例，202_年，全国环境污染治理投资为1106.6亿元，比上年增加4.3%。Take Chinese government as an example, in 202_, the investment for environmental pollution treatment in the whole country hit110.66 billion yuan, 4.3 percent over the previous year.人民也会公开谈论在政府对于环境污染的新举措。
And the people talked openly about the government’s new measures against environmental pollution.总的来说，环境污染加剧的情况得到了一些控制。
On the whole, the tendency towards worsening environmental pollution has been arrested.结尾：
毕竟，我们只有一个地球可以居住，保护环境非常重要。我们主张严格控制污染以保护环境。同时，不仅仅是政府，每一个人，不管你住在哪里，都应该尽力保护环境，以免其恶化。
写作分析：
总结的时候，需要照应第一段和前面的主体部分。再用一两句扼要的话，说明保护环境的重要性。所以，上面又用了“保护环境很重要，控制污染，政府和每个人都应该保护环境”，来总结。
翻译：
毕竟，我们只有一个地球可以居住，保护环境非常重要。
After all, we have only one earth to live on, and it is very important to take care of environment.我们主张严格控制污染以保护环境。
We advocate strict control of pollution to protect environment.同时，不仅仅是政府，每一个人，不管你住在那里，都应该尽力保护环境，以免其恶化。At the same time, every government and its people should safeguard the environment from deteriorating.全文示范：
环境与我们的生存息息相关。越来越严重的环境污染影响了我们的生活，我们理当应该更加重视环境保护问题。
近年来，由于车辆和工厂不断增加，空气和生活品质也不断恶化。此外，许多人缺乏公德，乱丢垃圾，以致污染了湖泊和河流。更重要的是，农民大量使用化学药物使食物中毒事件一再发生。长此下去，我们将呼吸不到新鲜空气，喝不到纯净的谁，吃不到营养的食物了。正因为问题很严重，环境污染受到了各个国家政府的关注。就拿中国政府为例，202_年，全国环境污染治理投资为1106.6亿元，比上年增加4.3%。人民也会公开谈论在政府对于环境污染的新举措。总的来说，环境污染加剧的情况得到了一些控制。
毕竟，我们只有一个地球可以居住，保护环境非常重要。我们主张严格控制污染以保护环境。同时，不仅仅是政府，每一个人，不管你住在哪里，都应该尽力保护环境，以免其恶化。
The existence of humans is directly bound up with the environment in which we live.The environmental pollution that is getting more and more serious has already affected our living and we should be more concerned about environment protection.In recent years, with the increasing number of vehicles and factories, the quality of air and living is worsening.Moreover, many people lack public morality and they throw garbage about, so that lakes and rivers are contaminated.What’s worse, farmers use a large amount of chemicals, which leads to the repeated incidents of food poisoning.If the situation goes on like this, we won’t have fresh air to breathe, pure water to drink, or nourishing food to eat.It is because of the serious problems caused by it that different governments attach great importance on environmental pollution.Take Chinese government as an example, in 202_, the investment for environmental pollution treatment in the whole country hit110.66 billion yuan, 4.3 percent over the previous year.And the people talked openly about the government’s new measures against environmental pollution.On the whole, the tendency towards worsening environmental pollution has been arrested.After all, we have only one earth to live on, and it is very important to take care of environment.We advocate strict control of pollution to protect environment.At the same time, every government and its people should safeguard the environment from deteriorating.(232 words)
第二篇：汉英翻译
白菜
Chinese cabbage
密码
password 手机
mobile phone
救火
to fight a fire 早恋
puppy love
买一赠一
Buy one，get one free.青春痘
acne
长镜头
zoom lens 方便面
instant noodles
隐形眼镜
contact lens 绿豆
mung bean
卧室
bedroom 试穿
to try sth.on
食言
break a promise 番茄酱
ketchup
酸奶
yoghurt 戴绿帽子
to cuckold sb.黄色书籍
pornography book 高等学校
higher school
农民
farmer 宣传
popularize
物美价廉
economical and good 你红光满面
You look healthy and energetic.他是个气管炎
He is a hen-pecked man.假花
artificial flower
假唱
lip-synch 假钞
counterfeit money
假酒
adulterated wine 假新闻
pseudo-news
恶性循环
vicious circle 恶性肿瘤
malignant tumor
恶性通货膨胀
inflationary spiral
词组翻译
一窝蜜蜂
a swarm of bees
一窝小鸡
a brood of chickens 一窝幼犬
a litter of pups
一群美女
a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群猎狗 a pack of hounds 一群鸭
a team of ducks 一群羚羊
a herd of antelopes 积极支持
unfailing support 积极的财政政策
proactive fiscal policy 积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resource 1.富华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。
You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture.2.他们讲索求，我们讲贡献。
They preach taking from others，whereas we advocate giving to others.3.她追求的是真理，而他追求的是荣华富贵。
What she seeks is truth，and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.4.在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。
Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.5.阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground，spat，and swore，“Hairy worm！”
6.他抓住了小偷的衣服。
He seized the pickpocket by the collar.7.他走进屋里，大衣上尽是雪，鼻子冻得通红。
He entered the room，his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.8.金杯牌充气床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。
The “Golden Cup”Brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology.With novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns,they are comfortable and convenient to carry.9.匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。Wherever they went,they massacred and raped,burned and looted,and stopped at nothing.10.他们意气风发。They are in high spirits.11.他们喜形于色。They beamed with joy.12.他们眼明手快。
He is of quick of eye and deft of hand.13.这篇文章浅显易懂。
This article is easy to read and understand.14.我对他敬而远之。I stood aloof from him.15.人群渐渐地安静了下来。The crowd came to silence.16.一座古塔阴森森地矗立在山腰上。
An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.17.但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。But the depth of a novel,or the excellence of its artistry and idea,does not depend on whether it has a grand theme.18.他的粗鲁行为使我很震惊。His rudeness shocked me.19.远近/长短/大小/高矮 distance/length/size/height
20.本公司生产的地毯美丽大方,光彩夺目，富丽堂皇。
The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.21.目标的轻重缓急，孰轻孰重应该仔细研究，认真考虑和反复推敲。Target priorities should be very carefully studied.22.那件令人不快的事件，已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case.23.他想远走高飞，免得心烦。He sought the distraction of distance.24.这只船容易颠覆，因为它造型不合理。
This boat is apt to overturnbecause it is unreasonably shaped.25.厨房又脏又乱。
The kitchen was in a mess.26.他不参加比赛，我感到很失望。
To my disappointment，he did not attend the competition.27.父亲不赞成地看着他。
Father looked at him in disapproval.28.他惊讶地望着我。
He looked at me in amazement.29.他起得很早，且一向如此。
He rose early，as he had always done.30.他与侵略者合作，出卖了自己的国家。
He collaborated with the invaders and betrayed his motherland.31.那个人醉心名利。
That chap is infatuated with fame and fortune.32.在加州发现黄金的消息轰动全国。
News of the discovery of gold in California excited the nation.33.政府支持这个项目。
The government is behind this project.34.1949年中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。1949 witnessed great changes in China.35.5月1日会议开幕了。
May day saw the opening of the meeting.36.我一时记不起他的名字。
His name escaped my memory for the moment.37.选择朋友，越谨慎越好。
One can never be too careful in the choice of one’s friends.38.今年的十月一号是个星期五。
The National Day of this year falls on a Friday.39.那里的工艺品品种齐全，价格公道，质量可靠。
The arts and crafts there are complete in range ,reasonable in price and reliable in quality.40.听到敲门声，我顿时睡意全消。
The knock on the door made me wide awake.41.生活的浮沉使他变得颓废。
The ups and downs of his life made him prop out.42.他又厚着脸皮要钱了吗？
Did he have the cheek to ask for more money？
43.听那个鬼故事时，我简直要吓死了。
I was scared to death when listening to that ghost story.44.他家里有好多张嘴要喂。
He has many mouths to feed in his family.45.这对年轻的夫妇并不相配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。
This young couple is not well matched，one is a Xi Shi--a famous Chinese beauty，while the other is a Zhang Fei--a well-known ill-tempered brute.46.我很瞧不起他，他是个马屁精。
I look down upon him，for he is such an apple polisher.47.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
The isolation of the rural world，because of distance and lack of tansport facilities，is compounded by the paucity of the information media.48.当时，车辆横冲直撞，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.49.他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。He has a disgusting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.50.请允许我代表中国体操协会向参加这次邀请赛的朋友们表示热烈的欢迎。Please allow me，on behalf of the Chinese Gymnastics Association，to extend a warm welcome to all our friends who have come for the Tournament.51.全城披上节日盛装。
The whole city is in holiday array.52.小汽车盘旋着，穿过村庄，翻越峡谷，沿着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley,following a thaw-swollen stream。
53.有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的式样，而一味追求袒胸露体的奇装异服。
In line with the latest trends in fashion, a few designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.54.不过我们说到故事后头去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.55.请先走。/请走在前面。After you.56.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声音也没有。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.57.我们可借助专门的仪器观察到电波在传播。
With the help of a special instrument we can observe the electric waves travelling along.58.国家不论大小贫富，都应一律平等。
All nations，large or small，rich or poor，should be equal.59.如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。
It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon sent to us.60.他过马路时，左顾右盼，害怕撞到过路的车。
While crossing the street,he looked right and left ,for fear that he might run into some passing car.61.我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.62.来宾请出示入场券。
Visitors are requested to show their tickets.63.约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。
John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.64.人的思想形成语言，而语言有影响了人的思想。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.65.干得很顺手，上汽车没到三分钟，一个钱包就到手了，鼓鼓囊囊的，看来钱不少。
An easy work.Hardly three minutes on the bus ,and he had laid hands on a purse, bulgy, apparently full of money.66.父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年盐，她的男朋友是什么样的人，父亲一看就知道。After all,father has much more worldly experience than her.So he will be able to tell, at a glance,what kind of man her boyfriend is.67.但他性情与人不同，不求名利，不交朋友，终日只是忙于自己的本职工作。He is , however, eccentric.He does not seek fame and gain,and does not like to make friends.Every day he is only engaged in his own job.68.一定要言行一致，理论与实践密切结合，反对华而不实和任何虚夸，少说空话，多做工作，扎扎实实，埋头苦干。
Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely intergrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.69.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out,it blows up everything with it.70.世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上说，都是因为经济上不去，没有饭吃，没有衣穿，没有房住，工资增长被通货膨胀抵消，生活水平下降，大批人下岗和失业，长期过紧日子。
Basically, the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.Consequently,the lack food, clothing and shelter, and their wage increases are offset by inflation.With a decline in living standards, widespread layoffs and unemployment, people have to suffer chronic hardships.71.40年来，武汉杂技在继承了传统杂技的基础上，大胆吸收其他姊妹艺术之长，运用多种艺术手段，将布景，灯光，道具，美术融为一体，使杂技表演成为综合性的表演艺术。
For 40 years，based on traditional acrobatic techniques，Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sister arts and mixed together scenery，lighting，costume and fine art by all kinds of artistic methods so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.72.他俩能在地里找口粗茶淡饭，完全是靠丈夫起早贪黑的耕作。
It was only by the busband’s incessant labor that they could draw a meager living from their land.73.听了这话，他笑了，双唇合成一条曲线，露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光，脉脉含情。这种感情她不敢认同。
He smileed at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with emotion she was afraid to identify.74.她身材矮小，容貌端庄，鼻子俏丽，头发光亮鉴人。
Although she was both short and slender，she had a dignified and elegant countenance，a fine nose and shinny hair.75.凭窗站了一会儿，微微地觉得凉意侵人。转过身来，忽然眼花缭乱，屋子里的别的东西，都隐在光云里。
Standing at the window for a while, I felt a big chill.As I turned round,my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly.Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light.76.蜗阳苔干，名优特产，驰名中外，声震古今，翠绿，鲜嫩，清脆，可口，有“天然海蜇”之称；清乾隆年间奉献皇宫，故又名“贡菜”。
Taigan(a kind of dry stemmed vegetable)is a famous special local product of Woyang,Anhui Province.It is well-known all over the world.It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”.It’s green, tender,crisp and pleasant to taste.It was once an article of tribute in the Qing Dynasty.
第三篇：汉英翻译技巧
汉英翻译技巧
第一节 汉语无主语句的英译处理
一、祈使句对应为祈使句
e.g.小心轻放。
Handle with care.量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.宁为鸡首，不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.二、采用英语的被动结构译出 采用英语被动结构翻译的汉语无主语句一般的情况：一是某些表示事物存在的无主语句；二是有些句子突出宾语部分，在翻译时可以不用补出主语而用原句中的宾语来充当主语。e.g.这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。More apartments will be built here.利用发电机，可以将机械能转变为电能。
The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.在合同中，详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。
In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.没有爱心，就无法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity.三、采用倒装语序 e.g.地下埋藏着大量的金银。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver.随着一声吼叫，忽的从树林里窜出一只老虎来。
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.山里住着个老和尚。
In the mountain lived on an old monk.四、采用 THERE BE 结构 例句：没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的时间不多了。There is very little time left.萝卜白菜，各有所爱。
There is no accounting for taste.无水则无鱼。
Without water there would be no fish.楼下有人想和你说话。
There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.you are wanted downstairs.五、采用 IT 作主语译出
例句：要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。
In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.与自然作斗争，倍感快乐。It is a great joy to battle against nature.活到老学到老。
It is never too old to learn.子曰：学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？
Confucius said, is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?
六、增添适当的代词或名词充当主语 例句： 知彼知己，百战不殆。
If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.六、因文制宜，区别对待
例句：未经审批机关批准，合同中不得规定禁止接受方在合同期满后继续使用技术的条款。
Unless approval has been obtained from the examining and approving organ, a contract shall not include provisions prohibiting the recipient from continuing to use the technology after the expiry of the contract term.由于英语被接受为联合国的官方语言之一，这就使英语在国际外交场合使用得更为广泛了。
The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the U.N.说明白了一切，就再无奥妙可言了。It will leave nothing in obscurity;everything is seen.Exercises: 1.要适可而止，否则就要完蛋。
2.不远处传来了提琴的声音，调子哀enough, or we will die.Enough is 伤。Not far away from the sound of the fiddle, and that'll sorrow.3.在游廊的最左端，靠近一道门，坐着一位将近30岁的男子。
4.他的书桌上放着带有细菌的小碟the left, near a door, sits a nearly 30 years old man.Most of the veranda at 子。His desk is put a little dish of bacteria
All in all, it was two 5.总之，是两点而不是一点。
6.花瓶里没有水了。and not a bit.The vase no water.7.要
很容易看得出来那作家是一位生手，刚从事写作。8.。
Very easy to see the writer is a beginning, just writing
9.不怕一万，就怕万一one thousand.Ten thousand not afraid, afraid of 10.还看不出来他能挑得起这副担子。Also see he can pick up the burden alone.11.去年
12.必须认真做好建厂前的准备工作。The factory must do the preparing work before.Should teach children to 13.应该教导儿童讲实话。
14.必须保证8小时的睡眠。
15.发现了错误，一定要改正。tell the truthhours of sleep.must correct.Must ensure that eight
Find a mistake，第二节、汉语“是”字句的英译处理
一、表示“等同”
例句：他最佩服的就是你。
Of all the people, you are the one he admires most.二、表示“类属” 例句：这台机器是进口的。
The machine was imported from abroad.他是来找你的。He is here to see you.三、表示“事物状态” 例句：要是旧社会，遇上这样大的水灾，早已是哀鸿遍野了。
If a flood of such magnitude had hit the land in the old days, the stricken area would have been a scene of desolation and despair.你现在是身不由己，只能听他的。You have to listen to him whether you like it or not.四、表示“存在” 例句：她满脸是泪，默不作声。She was soundless and her cheeks were bathed in tears.别看他长得胖，其实浑身是病。Despite his stout build, he suffers from all sorts of diseases.五、在两个类似结构中表示“区别”，转换为英语相对的对比结构。例句：他是他，我是我，我们谁也管不着谁。
We have our own wills, he and I, neither is the other’s master.昨天是昨天，今天是今天，情况是不断变化的。
Events are moving very fast;what was true yesterday may not be so today.这个人言行不一，说是说，做是做。This man’s deeds do not match his words;he never practices what he preaches.敌是敌，友是友，必须分清界限。A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.六、表示“让步”，用适当的副词或者让步句型来体现。例句：书是好书，可惜贵了点。It is true that this is a good book, but it’s a bit too expensive.他的本意是好的，只是措辞不当。He meant well, but he didn’t put across his ideas properly.你就是有天大的本事，恐怕也施展不开。
However capable you are, you probably can do nothing in this circumstance.这房子老是老，但离商店近，采购方便。
Indeed, the house is old, but as it is close to the stores, it is convenient for shopping.六、表示“强调”，一般转换为强调句式 例句：是谁教你这样做的？ Who told you to do so? 是这位解放军战士救了你。
It was this PLA man who saved you.我写的信是给她的，不是你。
It was to her that I wrote a letter, not to you.七、表示“凡是”，由英语习惯句型决定。
例句：是人都会犯错误。
Every man is liable to error./ No one is free from error.是孩子他都喜欢。He loves all children.正如一句话所说，是亲三分像。As an old saying goes, blood is thicker than water.是重活他都抢着干。Whenever there is a tough job, he is always the first to do it.八、表示“恰当” 例句：屋里的家具放得都不是地方。The furniture in the room is arranged exactly where it should not be.你来得正是时候。
You have come just in the nick of time./ You can’t have come at a better come.她穿的裙子很是漂亮。
The dress looks very beautiful on her.九、表示“选择”或“疑问” 例句：你是看电视还是听音乐？ 他不是出国了么？
十、表示“确认”，有强调的意思，一般通过助动词、副词或短语来体现。
例句：她爸爸是不同意她和汤姆来往的。
Her father does disapprove of her having anything to do with TOM.这件事他是不知道。
He certainly doesn’t know this.这孩子是可爱。
The child is lovely indeed.我不是不懂，只是不想说。
It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.十一、表示“特征”，一般直译。例句：马克思主义的基本原理是普遍适用的。
The fundamental tenets of Marxism are universally applicable.本领高强的人，往往是谦虚好学的。Men of capability are often modest and show a desire to learn.作战时他总是身先士卒，故能所向披靡。
He was always at the head of his men in battle, and so his army was invincible.练习题
1、我们是坐船去武汉的。
2、玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。
3、这个故事好是好，就是长了点。
4、这场火灾是他们不小心而引起的。
5、满屋都是烟，连他衣服上都是烟味。
6、他开办这家工厂完全是白手起7、8、9、10、11、12、家的。
这本书我是有的，可是我一下找不到。
这原来是破旧、窄小的一条旧街。
这人真讨厌，总是死皮赖脸的缠着人家。
既然要搞掉他，罗织罪名还不是易如反掌。
今天开这个会啊，是想听听各方面的意见。
不管怎么样，我是决意要完成这项任务的。
Keys: 1.We went to wuhan by chartered boat.2.It was mean of him to play with her/affections.3.It is a good story all right, but a bit too long.4.The fire resulted from their carelessness.5.Smoke filled the room;even his clothes smelled of smoke.6.He built up his factory literally from nothing.7.I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.8.This place was originally a narrow, shabby street.9.The man is quite a nuisance;he keeps pestering/bothering others/me shamelessly.10.Now that they have decided to get rid of him, charges can easily be framed.11.Look！We are holding this meeting today to make sure that different opinions are put forward freely.12.I mean to accomplish the task, come what may happen.汉语习语的英译处理
习语是人们在语言发展过程中，经过长期的社会实践提炼出来的短语或者短句，是语言的精华。从广义上讲，汉语习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语等。具体特点表现在：
1、习语本身是修辞手段的集中体现，如谐音等来增加美感，如“嘴上没毛，办事不牢”，“吃得苦，耐得烦；不怕死，霸得蛮”；英语中的“by hook or by crook”, as red as a rose。
2、习语是语言中独立、不规则而固定的因素。如“露出马脚”不能说成“露出猪脚”，“雪中送炭”不能说成“雪中送煤”。基于上述特点，翻译过程中必须注意：
1、尽量保存原文的民族特色和风格，在可能的情况下以直译为主。
2、不能把习语当做普通语句处理，注意修辞美感。
一、汉语习语英译的常用方法
1、英语同义句借用法
A: 借用意义和形象相同或相似的 B: 借用意义相同但形象不同的 例如： A:
随大流，以牙还牙 隔墙有耳 一文不名绞尽脑汁 针锋相对 时时刻刻 千钧一发 浑水摸鱼 swim with the tide a tooth for a tooth walls have ears
without a penny to one’s
name
to rack one’s brain give tit for tat every now and then hung by a thread to fish in troubled water
如坐针毡 a bed of thorns 谋事在人，成事在天
Man proposes, God disposes 星星之火可以燎原
Little chips light great fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳 Once bit, twice shy.空中楼阁、君子协定、事实胜于雄辩、有其父必有其子、B:
半斤八两 six of one and half a dozen of the other 无足轻重
of no account 锦囊妙计
ace in the hole/sleeve 非公莫入
no admittance 徒劳无益
hold a candle to the sun 茫然若失
be all adrift 水中捞月
fish in the air 乳臭未干
the smell of the baby 寿终正寝
die in the bed 一丘之貉
birds of a feather(flock together)
2、直译法
蓬头垢面 with disheveled hair and dirty face
求同存异 see common ground while reserving differences 扑朔迷离
complicated and confusing
朴实无华
simple and unadorned 能者多劳
the abler a man, the busier he gets.自力更生 regeneration through one’s own efforts 顺水推舟 push the boat with current 欺软怕硬 bully the weak and fear the strong 半途而废 give up halfway 口蜜腹剑 with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart.有钱能使鬼推磨
If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill(serve for you).十年树木百年树人
It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear/cultivate people.路遥知马力，日久见人心。
A long road tests a horse’s strength, while a long time proves one’s heart.天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福
Storms gather without warning in nature, while bad luck befalls men overnight.3、意译法
畏首畏尾 over-cautious
不到黄河不死心
Not stop until one reaches one’s goal 独木不成林
One person cannot accomplish much.4、节译法 汉语习语中有些是对偶词组，往往前后两对含义相同
无影无踪 vanish without a trace 长吁短叹 千真万确 一朝一夕 根深蒂固 不屈不挠 自给自足 经久耐用 同心同德 清规戒律 油头粉面 惊心动魄
sigh deeply be quite true overnight deep-rooted unswerving self-sufficient durable with one mind taboos(regulations)high-painted soul-stirring
5、直译加注法
东施效颦 Dongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrow in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi only to make herself uglier—blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish.二、汉语习语中数词的英译
1、直译法
千金难买一笑
A thousand pieces of gold can hardly purchase a smile.一寸光阴一寸金
An inch of time is an inch of gold.一着不慎满盘皆输
One careless move loses the whole game.百花齐放，百家争鸣
Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.听君一席话，胜读十年书
One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten-year study.2、保留部分数字
杀一儆百 punish one as an example to others 三心二意 two-minded 两面三刀 double-faced and tricky 十拿九稳 ninety percent sure
3、省略法（当数字是虚指时）昙花一现 be a flash in the pan 一干二净 neat and tidy;不三不四 dubious；inappropriate 百无聊赖 to be overcome with boredom 白问不厌 to serve patiently and tirelessly 三言两语 a few words 五谷丰登、五光十色、五湖四海、十万火急、才高八斗、千秋万代（throughout the ages）
第四篇：汉英翻译视角转换
《汉英翻译》补充材料
补充材料：英汉、汉英翻译技巧：视角转换(Shift of Perspective)E-C.1.The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park.（语态的转换）
2.Her parents are both in their seventies.（表达方式的转换）
3.If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.（条件状语转换成结果状语）
4.You can mass-produce … incredible quantities of facts and figures.You cannot mass-produce knowledge, which is created by inpidual minds, drawing on inpidual experience, separating the significant from the irrelevant.（定语从句转换成原因状语从句）
5.“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch.（介词转换成动词）
6.Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington.（名词转换成动词）
7.I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.（词序调整）
8.Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.（词序调整）
9.It is a good workman that never blunders.（反说正译）10.Keep off the lawn!11.That fellow is far from being honest.12.Obviously enough, she thinks otherwise.（正说反译）I was like that ship before education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbor was.1
《汉英翻译》补充材料
汉译：我在开始受教育之前，就像这样一条船，只是没有罗盘，没有测深绳，也无法知道离海港有多远。
C-E: 视角转换，在汉英翻译中主要表现有两种类型： 1． 从与汉语不同的角度传达同样的信息
（1）生活中常用的“看”、“听”、“说”的翻译。看钟/表
我能看出他的心事。
这东西还看得过去的话，你就买吧。
从他的话音里，我能听出点东西来。
他姓什么，我一时说不上来。说来话长。
这可真说不过去。还是把事情说开了好。
（2）在成语的翻译中，不同视角的转换体现在形象的替代上。牛饮
瓮中之鳖 胆小如鼠 自言自语 开夜车 东张西望 天长地久 鱼米之乡 意在言外
（3）有些情况下进行虚实互换。他们闹着要吃小马的喜酒
精神食粮
假眼（转虚为实）
Fake adj(only before noun): made to look like a real material or object in order to deceive people Fake fur A fake ID card A fake 20-dollar bill A fake name Speak with a fake German accent A fake smile of friendliness
她往日得了病，茶水也不咽一口。（转实为虚）
（4）习惯说法不一样
《汉英翻译》补充材料
收音耳机
你怎么戴这么深度的眼镜？
“要搞特殊化？没门！”
2． 与汉语相反的角度传达同样的信息 “安全门” 唯你是问 自学 肤浅 九五折 油漆未干 听电话 红眼 座钟
墙上一个洞
我心里一个沉重的担子放下来了。
哪儿脚痛穿鞋人最清楚。
No one knows where the shoe pinches like the wearer.留级 倒立 蛙泳 双杠 活字典 内部刊物 应用题 走读生 非处方药 门诊病人 餐具 保暖杯 汗衫 秒表 家谱
隐形眼镜 候机室 美人计
手扶拖拉机 画蛇添足
姐妹篇
成绩报告单
《汉英翻译》补充材料
不二价 传销
一次性筷子 一次性杯子 一次性包装 练习：
The following are wrong translations because of different focus in English and Chinese.1 他的身体看起来很健康 His body looks very healthy.2 那个铺子的东西价格便宜。
The price of goods in that shop is cheap.3 这栋楼质量不好。
The quality of this building is poor.4 这辆卡车速度很快。
The speed of this truck is quick.5 他们的工作取得了很大成绩。
Their work has achieved great achievement.6 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
Our cause has walked from victory to victory.汉英短语的翻译： 富足社会 a world of plenty/affluence 注意：“社会”不宜译成“society” 2 己所不欲，勿施于人
Don’t do unto others what you don’t want others to do unto you.3 你看花眼了
Be seeing things: to imagine things that is not really there.e.g.There is no one there—you must be seeing things.4 乡土观念 sense of place ??? 5 为副尚任 vice but virtuous 6 寻根文学 search-for-roots literature 7 举双手赞成 hands up for… 8 神来之笔 a stroke of brilliance 9 天下着大雨 The day was pouring down.注意：It was raining cats and dogs.已经变成了cliché, 不宜使用。10 吓傻了be frightened out of one’s wits.11 坐月子 within one’s month/in confinement e.g.the pros and cons of home versus hospital confinement 父母之命，媒妁之言：出处《孟子 滕文公下》 celestial marriage 13 社会车辆 non-public vehicles 14 家政 housewifery 15 公开讲座extension course/lecture 16 挂靠公司 front company
《汉英翻译》补充材料贵族学校 exclusive school 18 将计就计 deceive the deceiver 19 接待室，招待室 hospitality suite 20 就事论事的态度 dislinkage attitude 21 买路钱 street tax 22 视觉污染 visual disgrace 23 相亲 blind date 24 异性按摩 fashion massage 25 择优录取 contest mobility 26 老幼病残弱专座 priority seating Seating 为不可数名词 统称座位 27 征婚专栏 lonely hearts column
第五篇：汉英翻译教学资料
叩
门
茅 盾
答，答，答！我从梦中跳醒来。
——有谁在叩我的门？我迷惘地这么想。我侧耳静听。声音是没有了。头上的电灯洒一些淡黄的光在我的惺忪的脸上。纸窗和幛子依然是那么沉静。
我翻了个身，朦胧地又将入梦，突然那声音又将我唤醒。在答，答的响声外，这次我又听得了呼——呼——的巨声。是北风的怒吼把罢？抑是“人”的觉醒？我不能决定。但是我的血沸腾，我似乎已经飞出了房间，跨在北风的颈上，砉然驱驰于长空！
然而巨声却又模糊了，低微了，消失了；蜕化下来的只是一段寂寞的虚空。——只因为是虚空，所以才有那样的巨声呢！我哑然失笑，明白我是受了哄。
我睁大了眼，紧裹在深思中。许多面孔，错落地在我眼前跳舞；许多人声，嘈杂地在我耳边争讼。蓦地一切都寂灭了，依然是那答，答，答的小声从窗边传来，像有人在叩门。
“是谁呢？有什么事？”
我不耐烦地呼喊了。但是没有回音。
我捻灭了电灯。窗外是青色的天空闪耀着几点寒星。这样的夜半，该不会有什么人来叩门，我想；而且果真是有什么人呀，那也一定是妄人；这样唤醒类人，却没有回音。
但是打断了我的感想，现在门外是殷殷然有些像雷鸣。自然不是蚊雷。蚊子的确还有，可是都躲在暗角里，早失却了成雷的气势。我也明知道不是真雷，那在目前也还是太早。我在被卧内翻了个身，把左耳朵贴在枕头，心里疑惑这殷殷然的声音只是我的耳朵的自鸣。然而忽地，又是——
答，答，答！
这第三次的叩声，在冷空气中扩散开来，格外的响，颇带些凄厉的气氛。我无论如何再耐不住了，我跳起身来，拉开了门往外望。
什么也没有。镰刀形的月亮在门前池中送出冷冷的微光，池畔的一排樱树，裸露在凝练了的空气中，轻轻地颤着。
什么也没有，只有一条黑狗爬在门口，侧着头，像是在那里偷听什么，现在是很还休似的垂了头，慢慢地挨到檐前的地板下，把嘴巴藏在毛茸茸的颈间，缩做了一堆。
我暂时可怜这灰色的畜生，虽然一个忿忿的怒斥掠过我的脑膜：
是你这工于吠声吠形状、的东西，丑人作怪似的惊醒了人，却指给人们一个空虚！
野 草
夏衍
有这样一个故事。
有人问：世界上有什么东西的气力最大？回答纷纭的很，有的说“象”，有的说“狮”，有的开玩笑似的说：是“金刚”，金刚有多少气力，当然大家全不知道。
结果，这一切答案全不对，世界上气力最大的，是植物的种子。一粒种子所可以显现出来的力，简直是超越一切，这儿又是一个故事。
人的头盖骨，结合得非常致密与坚固，生理学家和解剖学者用尽了一切的方法，要把它完整地分出来，都没有这种力气，后来忽然有人发明了一个方法，就是把一些植物的种子放在要解剖的头盖骨里，给它以温度与湿度，使它发芽，一发芽，这些种子便以可怕的力量，将一切机械力所不能分开的骨骼，完整地分开了。植物种子力量之大，如此如此。这，也许特殊了一点，常人不容易理解，那么，你看见笋的生长吗？你看见过被压在瓦砾和石块下面的一颗小草的生长吗？它为着向往阳光，为着达成它的生之意志，不管上面的石块如何重，石块与石块之间如何狭，它必定要曲曲折折地，但是顽强不屈地透到地面上来，它的根往土壤钻，它的芽往地面挺，这是一种不可抗拒的力阻止它的石块，结果也被它掀翻，一粒种子的力量的大，如此如此。
没有一个人将小草叫做“大力士”，但是它的力量之大，的确是世界无比，这种力，是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现，上面的石块，丝毫不足以阻挡，因为它是一种“长期抗战”的力，有弹性，能屈能伸的力，有韧性，不达目的不止的力。
种子不落在肥土而落在瓦砾中，有生命力的种子决不会悲观和叹气，因为有了阻力才有磨砺。生命开始的一瞬间就带了斗争来的草，才是坚韧的草，也只有这种草，才可以傲然地对那些玻璃棚中养育着的盆花哄笑。
螃
蟹
鲁迅
老螃蟹觉得不安了，觉得全身太硬了，自己知道要蜕壳了。
他跑来跑去的寻。他想寻一个窟穴，躲了身子，将石子堵了穴口，隐隐的蜕壳。他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软，要被别的螃蟹吃去的。这并非空害怕，他实在亲眼见过。
他慌慌张张的走。
旁边的螃蟹问他说：“老兄，你何以这般慌？” 他说：“我要蜕壳了。“
“就在这里蜕不很好么？我还要帮你呢。” “那可太怕人了。”
“你不怕窟穴里的别的东西，却怕我们同种么？” “我不是怕同种。” “那还怕什么？” “就怕你要吃掉我。”
终生遗憾
木木
八十年代，有一姑娘号召：1.70米以下男人均为“残疾”。于是全国未婚女青年纷纷揭竿而起。
我细细量国九十九次自己标高，实属“终生残废”系列。
但那时年少，血旺气盛，誓与凡俗抗争到底，于是连哄带骗将一净高1.74米女孩拐回家做起了太太，这一壮举颇为“残疾人”们扬了一段眉吐了半口气。
将太太置回家中后我才意识到我的悲哀，这一愤世之举不仅末了我“终生残废”而又平添了“终生遗憾”，我从未享受过将男人坚定有力的胳膊窝勾着太太娇美柔滑的后脖子上街遛弯的幸福。
这一幸福对我来说不仅意味着双脚要离开这生我养我的土地，而且神圣的肚脐亦将昭之于众。
现在，每每出门，高扬的手臂牢牢地挂在太太肩头，其状如猴子紧紧扒着电杆，任凭太太在马路上将我拖来拖去……
痛苦的我常常痛苦的想，如果能重活一回，我再也不与世俗去抗争，因为与世俗抗争是要付出代价的。
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