英语教学反思与案例分析

第一篇：英语教学反思与案例分析

英语教学反思与案例分析

余庆县沙堆小学万从云

实行新课改已经有几年的时间了，我认真钻研课改，在组内经常进行集体备课，我们的备课不仅包括备教材，更主要的是备学生，我每节课后经常进行反思，对一些教学案例经常进行思考，这样下来，的确收到了一定的效果，我认为一个教师不断进行教学反思并且对教学案例加以分析，这对于一个教师教学水平的提高会有很大的帮助。好的教法是开展好教学活动的基本保证，在教学活动中善于总结，善于应用，才能不断的推进教学活动的开展。教师要明确教学任务，熟悉教学内容，能够做到承上启下，准确授课。不仅备教材，还要备学生，为准确制定目标奠定基础。该“会运用”，就要能当堂运用，不能人为地降低或提高要求。让学生在上课时就明确学习目标，使其学习有方向，激发其学习动机，调动其学习积极性，从而促进学生在以后各个环节里主动地围绕目标探索、追求。案例片段一：思考的问题：在单词教学中如何变单一为多样,变死板为生动?我在教授单词的过程中十分注重单词的使用语境, 如在教授cook和cooker这两个单词的时候,我分别出示了几张图片(一些橱具和两位橱师）,让学生通过对图片的直观感知,从第一印象开始就对他们有一个清晰而明确的认识, 从而避免了对这两个词汇的混淆.然后再通过“He is a good cook, he has a lot of cookers.”这样的例句加深学生对他们的理解和运用．再例如：在学dessert这个单词时，同时给学生出示desert这个单词，这样在今后的学习中不仅不会混淆，而且还拓展了学生的单词量。

教学反思：现在的新教材词汇量大,单词长,生僻词较多,自然也就增加了教学的难度，但我们又必须让学生掌握，否则难以适应新教材的要求。那么我们该采取什么方式来教学单词呢？美国学者埃克斯雷指出：＂能够引起学生学习兴趣的方法就是最好的方法．＂实践证明，拼图法，数字游戏，单词接龙游戏，小歌诀，顺口溜等传统教学方法并不过时，教师再辅以现代化的教学手段，借助图片，幻灯片，动漫等手段，真正达到重情景，重趣味，重运用，使单词具有语言的意义，使其在特定的语境中被引出，这样既便于学生理解，印象也深刻，从而达到学以致用的效果。在英语教学中适时地加入这些美味的＂作料＂，无疑是一种优化组合的创新，它不但能极大的激发学生的学习兴趣，更能提高学生的学习积极性．再有在英语的学习中，我们一定要注重检查，例如单词的检查，我每天在课前把学生的名字都放在一个小的瓶子里，第二天上课时用抽签的形式进行单词的检查，这样收到了很好的效果，班里不背单词的现象几乎不见了。在教学中，我们一定要提醒自己，我们共同学习的对象必定还有一些被动，我们如果能在课上吸引孩子们的兴趣，再加上适当的检查，相信一定会收到好的教学效果的。

案例片段二：思考的问题：如何把英语对话教学引入到生活中，达到学以致用？现在学生的英语学习现状是往往学习了几年，甚至是十几年的英语，还不能开口说英语，而只能纸上谈兵．我在教学中十分注重学生对对话的理解和运用，但在实际的操作中效果

并不理想．如我在教授“A:Are you free this Sunday ?B: No, I'm afraid I have no time.A: How about tomorrow?B: OK, I have time then.What's up?A: Let's go to the zoo.B: Sounds great.A: What animals do you like best?B: I like lions.They are strong.A: How about you ?B: I like pandas , they are cute.” 这个对话，在第二天提问时，学生的背诵情况很好，但当我要求他们重新组织一个对话时，效果不尽人意．要么两人一组的搭配不合适，按照固定的座位进行操练，有的搭配过于悬殊，开展不了对话；要么只会运用近期的知识点，稍微久远的就遗忘．

教学反思：针对以上所出现的现象，我认为创设情景，营造英语氛围，充分发挥学生学习的主动性是至关重要的．从单词教学到对话独立运用，整个过程处处注意创设情景，营造轻松愉快的课堂氛围；充分发挥道具和肢体动作，进入角色对话．在操练过程中，充分注意到对不同层次的学生提出不同的要求，因材施教。改变按照固定座位进行操练的传统做法，让学生自由搭配，这样就满足了不同层次学生的需要．对于基础较差的学生，让好学生做示范，反复操练，这样就避免了会出现好学生越好，差学生越差的现象．＂每节课堂五分钟，英语口语带回家＂，短短的五分钟，不但让学生张开了嘴，还让他们争先恐后的去尝试，去演练，去表演，极大地帮助他们树立了学好英语的信心，创设机会让他们去体验成功的快乐．＂没有什么东西比成功更能增加满足的感觉，也没有什么东西比成功更能鼓起进一

步追求成功的努力．＂在创设情境时，我是这样做的，在学习Why donˊ you get her a scarf ?一课时，为了达到练习目的，我创设了如下情境：1，父亲节快到了，为了感谢爸爸对你的爱，你要给爸爸买些什么礼物？2，你最好的朋友快过生日了，他邀请了除了你以外的很多人，你很苦恼，不知道该带什么礼物去才合适。有了这两个情境后，学生练习对话的积极性被激发了，达到了练习口语的目的。英语课程是一门思想性很强的学科,英语能直接反映人们的思想感情和传播科学文化知识，并体现出中西方文化的差异.因此,英语教学要充分发挥起思想情感的教育作用,挖掘教材内在的思想教育因素,使学生在思想上、价值观上受到很好的教育和熏陶.充分调动和发挥学生的主体作用,让学生乐于开口,勇于实践,让每个层次的学生都有所收获,以达到实施素质教育的目的.今后的路还很长，我还要进行不断地教学反思，不断地进行案例分析，这有这样才能不断提高自己的教学水平。

第二篇：初中英语教学反思与案例分析

如何进行语境设置

实行新课改已经有几年的时间了，在这几年中，我认真钻研课改，在组内经常进行集体备课，我们的备课不仅包括备教材，更主要的是备学生，我每节课后经常进行反思，对一些教学案例经常进行思考，长久下来，的确收到了一定的效果，我认为一个教师不断进行教学反思并且对教学案例加以分析，这对于一个教师教学水平的提高会有很大的帮助。

好的教法是开展好教学活动的基本保证，在教学活动中善于总结，善于应用，才能不断的推进教学活动的开展。教师要明确教学任务，熟悉教学内容，能够做到承上启下，准确授课。不仅备教材，还要备学生，为准确制定目标奠定基础。该“会运用”，就要能当堂运用，不能人为地降低或提高要求。让学生在上课时就明确学习目标，使其学习有方向，激发其学习动机，调动其学习积极性，从而促进学生在以后各个环节里主动地围绕目标探索、追求。

例如：在单词教学中如何变单一为多样,变死板为生动? 我在教授单词的过程中十分注重单词的使用语境, 如在教授cook和cooker这两个单词的时候,我分别出示了几张图片(一些橱具和两位橱师）,让学生通过对图片的直观感知,从第一印象开始就对他们有一个清晰而明确的认识, 从而避免了对这两个词汇的混淆.然后再通过“He is a good cook, he has a lot of cookers.”这样的例句加深学生对他们的理解和运用．学生在今后的学习中不仅不会混淆，而且还拓展了学生的单词量。

词汇方面：现在的新教材词汇量大,单词长,生僻词较多,自然也就增加了教学的难度，但我们又必须让学生掌握，否则难以适应新教材的要求。那么我们该采取什么方式来教学单词呢？美国学者埃克斯雷指出：＂能够引起学生学习兴趣的方法就是最好的方法．＂实践证明，拼图法，数字游戏，单词接龙游戏，小歌诀，顺口溜等传统教学方法并不过时，教师再辅以现代化的教学手段，借助图片，幻灯片等手段，真正达到重情景，重趣味，重运用，使单词具有语言的意义，使其在特定的语境中被引出，这样既便于学生理解，印象也深刻，从而达到学以致用的效果。在英语教学中适时地加入这些，无疑是一种优化组合的创新，它不但能极大的激发学生的学习兴趣，更能提高学生的学习积极性．再有在英语的学习中，我们一定要注重检查。我通过校领导对老师抓阄随机抽查进行推门课的形式我运用到了学生的背单词，我每天在课前把学生的名字揉成团都放在讲桌上，让班长用抽签的形式进行单词检查，这样收到了很好的效果，班里不背单词的现象几乎不见了。再者还可以用打分的形式进行周考评。这样在一定程度上能激发小组的互帮互学的合作意识。

总之在教学中，只要我们能在课上吸引孩子们的兴趣，再加上适当的检查，相信一定会收到好的教学效果的。

如何把英语对话教学引入到生活中，达到学以致用？现在学生的英语学习现状是往往学习了几年，甚至是十几年的英语，还不能开口说英语，而只能纸上谈兵．我在教学中十分注重学生对对话的理解和运用，但在实际的操作中效果并不理想．如我所教授的第二课时的对话在第二天提问时，学生的背诵情况很好，但当我要求他们重新组织一个对话时，效果不尽人意．要么两人一组的搭配不合适，按照固定的座位进行操练，有的搭配过于悬殊，开展不了对话；要么只会运

用近期的知识点，稍微久远的就遗忘．

针对以上所出现的现象，我认为创设情景，营造英语氛围，充分发挥学生学习的主动性是至关重要的．从单词教学到对话独立运用，整个过程处处注意创设情景，营造轻松愉快的课堂氛围；充分发挥道具和肢体动作，进入角色对话．在操练过程中，充分注意到对不同层次的学生提出不同的要求，因材施教。改变按照固定座位进行操练的传统做法，让学生自由搭配，这样就满足了不同层次学生的需要．对于基础较差的学生，让好学生做示范，反复操练，这样就避免出现好学生越好，差学生越差的现象．＂每节课不但让学生张开了嘴，还让他们争先恐后的去尝试，去演练，去表演，极大地帮助他们树立了学好英语的信心，创设机会让他们去体验成功的快乐．＂没有什么东西比成功更能增加满足的感觉，也没有什么东西比成功更能鼓起进一步追求成功的努力．＂在创设情境时，我是这样做的，在学习Why donˊ you get her a scarf ?一课时，为了达到练习目的，我创设了如下情境：1，父亲节快到了，为了感谢爸爸对你的爱，你要给爸爸买些什么礼物？2，你最好的朋友快过生日了，他邀请了除了你以外的很多人，你很苦恼，不知道该带什么礼物去才合适。有了这两个情境后，学生练习对话的积极性被激发了，达到了练习口语的目的。

因此,英语教学要充分调动和发挥学生的主体作用,让学生乐于开口,勇于实践,让每个层次的学生都有所收获,以达到实施素质教育的目的.今后课改的路还很长，我还要进行不断地教学反思，不断地进行学情分析，只有这样才能不断提高自己的教学水平。

七年级：李改华

2013年5月25日

第三篇：初中英语教学反思与案例分析

初中英语教学反思与案例分析

东营区一中张志红

案例片段

（一）思考的问题：在单词教学中如何变单一为多样,变死板为生动? 我在教授单词的过程中十分注重单词的使用语境, 如在教授cook和cooker这两个单词的时候,我分别出示了几张图片(一些橱具）,让学生通过对图片的直观感知,从第一印象开始就对他们有一个清晰而明确的认识,从而避免了对这两个词汇的混淆。然后再通过“He is a good cook, he has many cookers.”这样的例句加深学生对他们的理解和运用让学生简单而明了的就掌握了他们的用法，而同时又扩展了他们的知识面．

案例片段

（二）思考的问题：如何把英语对话教学引入到生活中，达到学以致用？中国学生的英语学习现状是往往学习了几年，甚至是十几年的英语，还不能开口说英语，而只能纸上谈兵．我在教学中十分注重学生对对话的理解和运用，但在实际的操作中效果并不理想．如我在教授“A:Are you free this Sunday ? B: No, I'm afraid I have no time.A: How about tomorrow? B: OK, I have time then.What's up? A: Let's go to the zoo.B: Sounds great.A: What animals do you like best? B: I like lions.They are strong.A: How about you ? B: I like pandas , they are cute.” 这个对话，在第二天提问时，学生的背诵情况很好，但当我要求他们重新组织一个对话时，效果不尽人意．要

么两人一组的搭配不合适，按照固定的座位进行操练，有的搭配过于悬殊，开展不了对话；要么只会运用近期的知识点，稍微久远的就遗忘．教学反思：针对以上所出现的现象，我认为创设情景，营造英语氛围，充分发挥学生学习的主动性是至关重要的．从单词教学到对话独立运用，整个过程处处注意创设情景，营造轻松愉快的课堂氛围；充分发挥道具和肢体动作，进入角色对话．在操练过程中，充分注意到对不同层次的学生提出不同的要求，因材施教。改变按照固定座位进行操练的传统做法，让学生自由搭配，这样就满足了不同层次学生的需要．对于基础较差的学生，让好学生做示范，反复操练，这样就避免了会出现好学生越好，差学生越差的现象．＂每节课堂五分钟，英语口语带回家＂，短短的五分钟，不但让学生张开了嘴，还让他们争先恐后的去尝试，去演练，去表演，极大地帮助他们树立了学好英语的信心，创设机会让他们去体验成功的快乐．＂没有什么东西比成功更能增加满足的感觉，也没有什么东西比成功更能鼓起进一步追求成功的努力．＂

案例片段

（三）思考的问题：如何在课文教学中体现情感态度和价值观?教材中有一篇课文是关于感恩节的.在教授这篇课文的时候,我做了一个课件,Step 1:Show a flash:一个小动物跋山涉水去寻找它的母亲,然后在最后出现这样一句话:Nothing is more important than mother’s love in the world!首先从视觉上对学生造成一个冲击.Step 2:Let the students read the text by themselves, and answer the questions , then fill in the form.;the teacher gives the language points and some sentences, let the students grasp and use them.教学反思：近几年来,母亲节.父亲节,圣诞节等一些洋节日不断的涌入国内,很多学生往往只是看到了它的表面现象,盲目地跟从,盲目地消费,而没有从内里去理解和接受.关于父母的生日，大多数学生都不知道，而只记得父母为他/她过得每一个生日是否让他/她满意.在我的这堂课中,我十分注重感情的渗入,从母亲节起源的渗入,从我的母亲的渗入,从学生们母亲照片的渗入,一步步把学生带入我所要的情景中来.学生们在课堂上对于母亲的描述,对于母亲的理解,让我也真切体会到了他们不是没有感情,只是没有一个恰当的表达机会,也让我深刻意识到今后在自己的课堂上应该更多地创设这样的机会给学生们,而不仅仅是一节课的感恩.英语课程是一门思想性很强的学科,英语能直接反映人们的思想感情和传播科学文化知识，并体现出中西方文化的差异.因此,英语教学要充分发挥起思想情感的教育作用,挖掘教材内在的思想教育因素,使学生在思想上、价值观上受到很好的教育和熏陶.充分调动和发挥学生的主体作用,让学生乐于开口,勇于实践,让每个层次的学生都有所收获,以达到实施素质教育的目的.

第四篇：初中英语教学案例分析与反思

初中英语教学案例分析与反思

长坝中学：杨静

What things can harm the environment?

(What do you think we should do to improve our environment?）

活动目的：通过列举污染源，学生更清楚当前环境的不仅如人意，保护环境刻不容缓，从而使学生增强保护环境的意识。他们动脑筋，想办法，积极讨论保护环境的措施，在不知不觉中提高英语言运用能力。

活动过程：

T: There is much pollution all over the world now.Can you tell me what it is?(学生很快地回答)

Ss: Water pollution;Air pollution;Noise pollution;soil pollution … etc.T: Do you know what causes water pollution? Ss: Factories pour waste water into rivers and lakes.T: All the factories? Ss: No.: What factories?

Ss: Paper factories, printing and dyeing mills, plastic factories … ect.(学生不会用英语说“印染厂及塑料厂”，他们说中文，我说英文。)T: What else can cause water pollution, too? Ss: Some people throw rubbish into rivers and lakes.T: How can we help to solve this problem?(学生们分组讨论解决办法。)

Ss: We can advise the directors of these factories to stop pouring waste water into rivers and lakes.T: If they don ’ t accept your advice ,what else can we do?（学生们讨论更热烈了，过了一会儿，他们七嘴八舌地说：）Ss: 1.We can write a letter to Green China about it.2.We can also ask newspaper reporters and TV station reporters to report these factories.……T: There is a paper factory in my hometown.It pours waste water into the river every day.The people in the town drink the water of the river every day.They have advise the leader to stop pouring waste water into the river many times.But he never accepts it.Can you write a letter about it to the Green China?(学生异口同声说“ Yes ”。由于写作太费时间，这封信作为回家作业，请同学们写在作业本上。): You have told me what causes water pollution and how to solve this problem.You ’ re very clever.Thank you very much.But can you tell me what causes air pollution?

Ss: The smoke of factories ,the smoke given out by buses ,cars ,trucks ,motorbikes … ect.T: There aren ’ t many factories in our city, Hangzhou.But the air is not good enough.Why? Ss: Because there is much traffic.T: Can you think out a way to solve this problem?

(学生们分组讨论解决方案，基础差的同学也纷纷参与，只不过在用中文说；基础好的同学在帮他们翻译。)

Ss: 1.We can plant more trees on roads.2.We can ask people not to drive their cars to work.3.We can ask people to ride bikes to work.4.We can tell people riding bikes is good for their health.……

T: If their homes are far away from their workplaces, can they ride bikes to work ? Ss: No.T: How can we solve it?

第五篇：英语教学设计与案例分析

1.本课程主要包括课程的导入、语言知识（语音、词汇、语法）、语言技能（听、说、读、写）、课堂管理和教学反思等方面的内容，共分为十个教学专题。每个专题都将引导学生对英语课堂教学的各层面与环节进行系统的探讨与学习，通过理论学习与案例分析相结合的方法，使学生学会根据具体的教学目标、教学内容与教学对象，在相关理论的指导下进行科学合理的单元整体设计和分课设计，有效组织课堂教学，灵活应对和处理课堂教学中的问题。

2.【教学目标】

1.了解导入环节对一节课的成功与失败起着重要的作用，掌握各种教学导入的方式和方法。

2.了解语音教学贯穿整个中学的英语学习阶段，包括发语音、语调、重音等多个方面的内容。掌握语音教学的技能和方法。

3.了解词汇教学的具体内容和呈现方式，学会使用最恰当方法进行词汇的讲解和教学活动的设计。

4.了解语法教学的基本教学模式，学会使用归纳法进行语法教学的讲解和教学活动的设计。

5.了解并掌握听力教学的三个教学阶段和听力理解的学习策略，并能针对三个不同阶段的教学任务设计恰当的教学活动。

6.了解口语教学的策略与方法，能够掌握口语教学活动设计的方法。

7.了解阅读教学的模式与训练学生阅读策略的方法，能够根据不同的文章体裁进行不同阅读教学活动的设计。

8.了解写作教学不同教学模式，掌握过程写作具体教学活动的设计方法。9.了解课堂教学管理的基本原理，学会使用恰当的方式进行课堂管理。10.了解并掌握教学反思的各种方式与方法，学会对自已的教学进行系统的反思

Teaching pronunciation: 2.6 Teaching Steps of a Single Sound Generally speaking, there are seven steps in teaching pronunciation, which can be arranged in the following order.(1)Say the sound alone.(2)Get the students to repeat the sound in chorus.(3)Get inpidual students to repeat the sound.(4)Explain how to make the sound.(5)Say the sound in a word.(6)Contrast it with other sounds.(7)Say the sound in meaningful context.2.7 Types of Pronunciation Practice Activities

2.7.1 Consonants and Vowels In the teaching of consonants and vowels, it is important to introduce characteristic aspects of their articulation(e.g.voiced vs.voiceless, stops vs.fricatives, aspiration, etc.).The realization of these articulatory features can be practiced through a variety of communicative activities such as those presented below.1.Information-gap activities

One of the easiest techniques for practising consonants and consonant contrasts in a communicative way is to use “information-gap” activities.For example, if students are confusing /b/ and /v/, the following activity can be used.Choose a topic such as food and have students brainstorm and think of as many food words as possible which contain the /b/ and /v/ sounds.It is best for the students to work in groups so that they have more opportunity to generate these words in a communicative fashion.If students are beginners, clues or pictures can be provided to help them with the generation of words.Students might come up with 'berry', 'veal', 'liver', 'brown bread', 'vegetables', 'vitamins', 'vanilla', 'beans', 'bacon', etc.Students may also be asked to generate examples of names containing these two sounds.In this case, students might come up with Bill, Bob, Vickie, Barbara, Steve, and Virginia.It may be necessary to provide students, especially beginners, with some of these names.3 When enough words have been generated, the teacher can number the names and foods on slips of paper and hand out even-numbered foods and odd-numbered names to one group and odd-numbered foods and even-numbered names to the other group.Blank grids can be handed out and students can work in pairs or in groups questioning each other about 'Who bought what' at the store.Once the grids are filled out, the result of the activity can be presented to the class.In so doing, the students gain further communicative practice with these sounds.Role plays which incorporate some of the food words and names identified above can be used as a follow-up to this activity.2.Matching exercises

Another way of practicing a sound contrast such as /b/ and /v/ involves the use of matching exercises.Divide the class into two groups.Group A has a written description of several people.Group B has a picture containing all of the people for which there are descriptions.The object of this activity is to match the written descriptions with the appropriate people.Some sample descriptions might be: Becky has big boots.Vicky has a velvet vest.Barbara is carrying a big bag.Virginia is wearing gloves.Bill has a shiny belt-buckle.In attempting to match the descriptor with the appropriate person, the students gain practice producing the relevant sounds.A variation on this activity has these descriptors generated by the students themselves.Creating such descriptors, especially in groups, provides additional communicative practice of these consonant and vowel sounds.3.Chain stories

Each student receives a phrase containing the sound contrasts being practiced.The first student must embed that phrase in a short story(or string of related sentences)of no longer than four sentences.The task of the other students is to guess the embedded phrase based on the correct pronunciation of the relevant sound or sound contrasts.The next student continues the story using the phrase that he or she received.Sample phrases might include: big beautiful baby oven gloves very bad brakes broken bracelet lovely building seventy vehicles 4 Teaching grammar 3.2 The Aspects of English Grammar

(1)inflection

e.g.plural of nouns, tenses of verbs…(2)structure or function words e.g.articles: the, a/an prepositions: of , to, by, for, …(3)word order

e.g.a lexical item: chocolate mild, milk chocolate functional item: He is … Is he… Where is he? I know where he is…

(4)derivation or word formation e.g.They put on a drama.The dramatic changes have taken place recently.They wanted to dramatize their novel.(5)concord or agreement e.g.The teacher reads a lot.The teachers read a lot.this man;these men;(6)government e.g.I gave him a book.He gave me a book.(7)stress and intonation

3.4.1简练+容易+效能（材料让学生感兴趣）3.4.2方法适合所教学生针对特点(1)Age(2)Language level(3)The size of class

(4)The makeup of the class, for example, monolingual or multilingual(5)The specific needs, for example, needs to pass a public examination(6)Interests(7)Usable materials and resources(8)Prior experiences and current expectations(9)The cultural factors which may affect their learning attitude, for example, their attitude toward the function and status of teachers(10)The educational background, such as the public school or the private school, and at home or abroad

演绎法（传统）；归纳法

Deductive method应该(1)Authenticity.(2)Clear range of application.(3)Clear grammatical rules.(4)Brevity(5)Familiarity.(6)Relevant.演绎法优缺点The demerits of the deductive method

(1)It teaches grammar in an isolated way.(2)Little attention is paid to meaning.(3)Practice is often mechanical.The merits of the deductive method

(1)It could be very successful with selected and motivated students.(2)It could save time when students are confronted with a grammar rule which is complex but which has to be learned.(3)It may help increase students' confidence in those examinations which are written with accuracy as the main criterion of success.8

4.teaching vocabulary Teaching listening listening is a complex cognitive process which needs listeners not only have background knowledge of the related listening materials but also that listeners should be conscious to use some strategies to grasp the meaning of the listening material to achieve right comprehension of the text.5.2.1 逐字逐句

5.2.2 根据背景先前知识

5.3 Micro-skills of Listening

According to the English Curriculum Standards(2003), the micro-skills of listening should including the followings:

(1)Suppress interference of accent and background noise(2)Detect key words

(3)Listen and carry out instructions(4)Identify gist and themes(5)Establish the sequence or logical relationship of events(6)Predict what people are going to talk about(7)Understand the speaker’s intention and attitude(8)Evaluate what has been heard(9)Infer the implied meaning 12

focus:1.repeating what they have heard 2.words…bottom up processing 3.require interaction of listener.;one-sided

4.not to process everything that has been said but rather to ‘scan’ the material selectively for certain information.5.to develop a top-down, global understanding of spoken language.6.the listener actively participates in discussions, debates, conversations, role-plays and other pair and group work.7.The listener has no difficulty whatever in understanding the whole message.The comprehension process is so natural and smooth that it is exactly like that of a native speaker.(1)text characteristics(variation in a listening passage/ text or associated visual support);(2)interlocutor characteristics(variation in the speaker’s personal characteristics);(3)task characteristics(variation in the purpose for listening and associated response);(4)listener characteristics(variation in the listener’s personal characteristics);

(5)process characteristics(variation in the listener’s cognitive activities and in the nature of the interaction between speaker and listener).5.7 Principles for Teaching Listening

1.Focus on process

2.Combine listening with other skills 3.Focus on comprehending meaning 4.Grade difficulty level appropriately 5.Combine intensive listening with extensive listening 5.8 Principles for Selecting and Using Listening Activities

(1)The listening activity must have a real, communicative purpose.(2)The activity must use authentic language without significantly slower or simpler speech than would normally be used in everyday life.(3)Pre-listening tasks(e.g.discussing the topic, brainstorming, presenting vocabulary, sharing of related articles)must be used to stimulate the appropriate background knowledge and help learners identify the purpose of the listening activity.(4)The listening text must offer content that is personally interesting and motivating to 15 learners.(5)To allow listeners to infer meaning from body language and related context clues, the speaker must be visible whenever possible(unless the explicit purpose is to help students understand radio programs or audiotapes)(6)The listening activity must offer many environmental clues to meaning, just as in real-life listening.(7)When possible, the whole listening text should be given, and then it should be pided into parts that can be repeated.This sequence gives listeners time to think and rethink their hypotheses about the meaning of what is said.(8)At the end, the whole text should be given again, and learners should have the opportunity to discuss their hypotheses and how they tested and altered them.(9)The listening activity must require listeners to respond in some meaningful fashion, either inpidually or in small groups or pairs by saying something, following a command or request, asking a question, taking notes, and so on.(10)The listening activity must be fashioned so that listeners with normal background knowledge are able to understand the topic without doing specialized research, unless the class is focused on language for special purposes.(11)The text of the listening activity must by typical for its own speech type;that is, an informal conversation must have short, redundant, rapid chunks of speech, while a lecture must be more formalized and orderly.(12)The classroom climate surrounding the listening activity must be non-threatening and positive, and simple affective strategies should be used to reduce anxiety if it is present before or during the listening activity.16 5.9 Activities in the Three Teaching Stages

5.9.1.Pre-listening(1)Looking at pictures before listening(2)Looking at a list of items/thoughts/etc before listening(3)Making lists of possibilities / ideas / suggestions / etc(4)Reading a text before listening(5)Reading through questions(to be answered while listening)(6)Labeling a picture(8)Predicting / speculating(9)Previewing the language which will be heard in the listening text(10)Informal teacher talk and class discussion 17