《人类理解论》书评,英文版

第一篇：《人类理解论》书评,英文版

Comment On “ Essay Concerning Human Understanding”Author Introduction

John Rock(1632.8.29 ~ 1704.10.28), British philosopher, founder of empiricism, and is the first comprehensive exposition of constitutional democracy thought, in philosophy and political areas have important influence.Representative works are:“ The Tolerance of Pagan Communication”“ Two Treatises of Government”“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding”“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding”.Overview of Writings

“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” is a representative philosophical writings written by the British philosopher John Rock.This book was written up from 1671 ,not completed until 1687, published in 1690.“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” the writings in the history of western philosophy plays an important role in this book, Rock proposed and solves the central question is about the origins of human knowledge, reliability and range.Copyright of Writings

From the philosophical inheritance on look, Rock is Francis.Bacon and Thomas.Hobbes routes, namely knowledge originates from feeling, experience and not from what--“ talent”.Can say, Rock is the further development of the feeling of a typical British empiricist.Before Rock, the French philosopher Descartes proposed the so-called“ innate ideas”, i.e., the most basic human knowledge or concept is by feeling, experience, but the innate or natural things.While Rock in Philosophy(epistemology)is the starting point to refute the“ innate ideas” at the same time, give tit for tat proposed the name of Rock with the inseparable--tabula rasa.Whiteboard mean, humans do not have the feeling, experience before(for example, a newborn baby)state of mind is a blank sheet of paper, which does not have any writing, i.e.without any idea.Rock said that all human knowledge is based on experience, but in the final analysis is from the experience.Rock put forward the knowledge on the tabula rasa is directed to“ innate ideas” theory and the.The Rock cognitive demonstrates human knowledge derives from experience, and experience is the objective world role in sensory results.As Marx and Engels said,“ Hobbes took Bacon's theory system, but he is not more detailed argumentation

of Bacon on the concept and knowledge originated from the basic principles ofperceptual world”, then,“ Rock in his theory of the origins of human knowledge in the writings of Bacon and Hobbes, proves the principle”(Marx, Engels:“ the Holy Family”).In“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” in one book, Rock explores the knowledge and concept originated in the sensory experience of this basic principle of empiricism, he put the experience into two categories, namely the external experience and internal experience.Rock said the external experience refers to the objective things in the world to human sense organs as the effect of this experience, he called feeling, and his inner experience, “the Hearts of Activities”, he put this experience is called reflection.As he put the experience into two categories, Rock put the objective world, the essence of things is also pided into two categories, namely the first character and the second character.The first property refers to the objective things the wide ductility, shape, impenetrability, motion, static, volume and so on, he thinks this kind of nature is not to human perception for the transfer and the objective existence, is any changes in things are kept;and the second is the nature of things, the color sound, smell, taste and character, Rock felt that the second properties is subjective, i.e.not the thing itself inherent place, it is the subject of cognition through the senses are attached to the objective world things like, say, inevitably, if there is no eyes to see, so coal was not black, if there is no ears listen to the thunder, so there is no sound.Later the British philosopher Rock Berkeley is the use of second nature of the claim, stating that the first character is subjective rather than objective things inherent.Status of Writings

“ Essay Concerning Human Understanding ” first criticized the French philosopher Rene Descartes that knowledge on the origin of the so-called“ innate ideas” and the German philosopher Leibniz's so-called“ talent practice principle”, and put forward his famous whiteboard theory, namely the understanding is the sole source of experience.In this book Rock of philosophical views both for the French Encyclopedists enlightenment thinkers opens the way for later, Berkeley and Hume's experience on further pointed out the direction

第二篇：《人类理解论》书评,中文版

《人类理解论》简评 作者简介

约翰·洛克（1632.8.29~1704.10.28），英国哲学家、经验主义的开创人，同时也是第一个全面阐述宪政民主思想的人，在哲学以及政治领域都有重要影响。代表著作主要有：《论宽容异教的通讯》《政府论两篇》《人类理解论》《人类悟性论》等。著作概述

《人类理解论》一书是英国著名哲学家约翰.洛克的哲学代表著作。本书从1671年写起，直到1687年才完成，在1690年出版。《人类理解论》这一著作在西方哲学史上起到承前启后的作用，洛克在这部著作中所提出并要解决的中心问题是关于人类知识的起源、可靠性和范围。著作要点

从哲学的继承性上看，洛克走的是弗兰西斯.培根和托马斯.霍布斯的路线，即知识起源于感觉、经验——而不是来自什么“天赋”。可以说，洛克是进一步发展了感觉主义的一个典型的英国经验主义者。

在洛克之前，法国哲学家笛卡尔提出了所谓的“天赋观念”，即人类最基本的知识或观念并不借助于感觉、经验，而是与生俱来的或天赋的东西。而洛克在哲学上（认识论上）的出发点就是在大力驳斥“天赋观念”的同时，针锋相对地提出了与洛克的名字分不开的——白板说。白板的意思是说，人类没有感觉、经验之前（譬如，初生的婴儿）的心理状态就像一张白纸一样，上面并没有任何字迹，即没有任何观念。洛克说人类的知识都是以经验为基础的，而且归根到底都是从经验中来的。洛克提出认识论上的白板说是针对“天赋观念”论而发的。

洛克认知地论证了人类知识起源于经验，而经验就是客观世界的事物作用于感官的结果。正如马克思和恩格斯所说的，如果说“霍布斯把培根的学说系统化了，但他没有更详尽地论证培根关于知识和观念起源于感性世界的基本原则”，那么，“洛克在他论人类知识的起源的著作中，论证了培根和霍布斯的原则”（马克思、恩格斯：《神圣家族》）。

在《人类理解论》一书中，洛克探讨了知识和观念起源于感觉经验这一经验论的基本原则，他把经验分为两类，即外部经验和内部经验。洛克所说的外部经验是指客观世界的事物对人类的感觉器官发生作用的结果，他把这种经验叫做感觉，而他所谓内部经验，是“心灵的本身活动”，他把这种经验叫做反省。

正如他把经验分为两类一样，洛克把客观世界的事物的本质也分为两类，即第一性质和第二性质。第一性质是指客观事物的广延性、形状、不可入性、运动、静止、体积等等，他认为这类性质是不以人的知觉为转移而客观存在的，是在事物的任何变化下都会保存着的；而第二性质是指事物的颜色、声音、气味、口味等等而言的，洛克认为第二性质是主观的、即不是事物本身所固有的，它好像是认识的主体通过感官附加到客观世界事物上似的，这样说来，势必得出，如果没有眼睛来看，那么煤就不是黑色的，如果没有耳朵来听，那么打雷也就没有声音了。后来的英国哲学家贝克莱正是利用洛克关于第二性质的说法，指出第一性质也是主观的而不是客观事物所固有的。著作地位

《人类理解论》首先批判了法国哲学家笛卡尔主张知识起源上的所谓“天赋观念”以及德意志哲学家莱布尼茨的所谓“天赋实践原则”，并且提出了他那个著名的白板论，即认识的唯一来源是经验。洛克在本书中所阐述的哲学观点既为法国百科全书派的启蒙思想家开辟了道路，也为后来的贝克莱和休谟的经验论深化指明了方向。

第三篇：简爱英文书评

1.Jane Eyre 《简爱》—Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特·勃朗台

The novel tells the story of an orphan girl.Jane Eyre, the daughter of a poor parson, loses her parents shortly after birth.She lives at the household of her aunt, treated rudely by her aunt Mrs.Reed and her children.One day, unable to bear the ill-treatment any longer, Jane tells straight to her aunt what she thinks of her, which makes Mrs.Reed furious to send her to a charity school in Lowood.Maltreated by the authorities, Jane stays there for 8 long years.Then Jane gets a position of governess in the family of Mr.Rochester, a rich squire.Rochester falls in love with Jane, and she with him.They are about to be married when Jane breaks the engagement on the wedding day and flees away, learning that Mr.Rochester has a mad wife secretly locked in the house.After going through a lot of hardships on the moors, she is taken in and cared for by Rev.Rivers, who helps her get a job as teacher in a village school.Meanwhile, Mr.Rochester loses his sight during a fire set by his mad wife.Hearing that Mr.Rochester is penniless and disabled, Jane hurries to him and becomes his wife.读后感

Jane Eyre — A Beautiful Soul

Jane Eyre, is a poor but aspiring, small in body but huge in soul, obscure but self-respecting girl.After we close the covers of the book, after having a long journey of the spirit, Jane Eyre, a marvelous figure, has left us so much to recall and to think:

We remember her goodness: for someone who lost arms and blinded in eyes, for someone who despised her for her ordinariness, and even for someone who had hurt her deeply in the past.We remember her pursuit of justice.It’s like a companion with the goodness.But still, a virtuous person should promote the goodness on one side and must check the badness on the other side.We remember her self-respect and the clear situation on equality.In her opinion, everyone is the same at the God’s feet.Though there are differences in status、in property and also in appearance, but all the human being are equal in personality.We also remember her striving for life, her toughness and her confidence…

When we think of this girl, what she gave us was not a pretty face or a transcendent temperament that make us admire deeply, but a huge charm of her personality.Actually, she wasn’t pretty, and of course, the ordinary appearance didn’t make others feel good of her, even her own aunt felt disgusted with it.And some others even thought that she was easy to look down on and to tease, so when Miss Ingram met Jane Eyre, she seemed quite contemptuous, for that she was obviously much

more prettier than ‘the plain and ugly governess’.But as the little governess had said: ‘Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!’ This is the idea of equality in Jane Eyre’s mind.God hadn’t given her beauty and wealth, but instead, God gave her a kind mind and a thinking brain.Her idea of equality and self-respect impress us so much and let us feel the power inside her body.In my mind, though a person’s beauty on the face can make others once feel that one is attractive and charming, if his or her mind isn’t the same beautiful as the appearance, such as beauty cannot last for, when others find that the beauty which had charmed them was only a falsity, it’s not true, they will like the person no more.For a long time, only a person’s great virtue, a noble soul, a beautiful heart can be called as AN EVERLASTING BEAUTY, just as Kahill Gibran has said, that ‘Beauty is a heart enflamed and a soul enchanted’.I can feel that how beauty really is, as we are all fleshly men, so we can’t distinguish whether a man is of nobleness or humbleness, but fleshly men, so we can’t distinguish whether a man is of nobleness or humbleness, but as there are great differences in our souls, and from that, we can know that whether a man is noble or ordinary, and even obscure, that is, whether he is beautiful or not.Her story makes us thinking about life and we learn much from her experience, at least, that is a fresh new recognition of the real beauty.经典语段：

You think because I'm poor, I'm plain, I have no feelings? I promise you, if god is gifted me with wealth and beauty, I should make it does as hard for you to leave me just as for me to leave you now, but he didn not.If my spirit can address yours, as we both pass the grave stood before himequal.读后感受：

In the story,her life can be devided into five parts.一． At Gateshead(before ten years old)

二． At Lowood School(8 years` school life,6 years to study ,2

years to teach)

三． At Thornfield(about one year,the most important time in

her life)

四． At Moor House(half a year)

五． At Ferndean Manor(maybe the rest of her life)

第四篇：茶花女英文书评

《茶花女》英文书评-----

LaDameauxCamelias

The author of this book, Alexandre Dumas fils was the illegitimate son of Dumas pere, who is a giant of the literary world.He himself was also a famous novelist and dramatist in the 19th century.When I first knew this situation, I was surprised that the father and the son could both make so many contributions in the same circles.This reminded me of the “Three Su” in Song Dynasty, three poets whose names were SuXun, SuShi and SuZhe.Their relationships are similar to Dumas because they all have great achievements in history of literature.The heroine in the novel is Mademoiselle Marguerite Gautier, who is one of the most celebrated courtesans in social circles in Pairs.Even if she lives in the luxurious house and spends money like water, she put up with the

trauma of mental and physical at the same time.Eventually she suffered from a serious illness.Owing to the lack of love and solicitude, she felt spiritually barren and lonely.I think this foreshadowed her tragedy in life.At first, I didn’t pay attention to her attitude towards life, but as I got further into the novel, I realized that she felt used, abused and unloved in the upper class until the gentle Armand Duval came into her life and told her that he loved her wholehearted and not for what she could do for him.It needs great courage for her to abandon the life she had enjoyed for so long.Eventually, she sold out her jewelry to pay for the cost of living, and then lived happily and calmly with Armand in the countryside.I think it showed that Marguerite really loved Armand Duval for she could even change everything and persist herself in the world full of money.In my heart, she is really a beautiful girl who has pure soul like white camellia.However, happiness didn’t last for long.When M.Duval, Armand's father, came to her and pleaded for her to leave Armand to save both Armand's reputation and his younger innocent sister, she felt that it was her duty because her status influenced Armand's family.In order for the benefits of Armand and his family, Marguerite determined to make sacrifices.It meant giving up her own happiness and hurting Armand temporarily.She reluctantly returned to her former life, knowing that someday Armand would forgive her.Sadly, she died in debt and basically alone, except for her one female friend, Julie Duprat, who helped her during her illness.Ultimately, she couldn’t see her lover for the last time.Before she was dying, all the creditors came to her house with IOU and forced her to pay the debts.They have no mercy on the poor girl, only want to get benefits from her even when she was dying.I tasted people’s greed and unfeelingness.Some other characters that connected with Marguerite had their own purpose.I think Marguerite was right in saying that no one truly cared about her, the only person who is concerned about her is Armand.Others only wanted something from her.For example, the Comte de G.and Comte de N.simply care about her body and appearance.The Duke needed to “wake up and smell the coffee” and realize that she could never replace his dead daughter.If he truly cared, he would have helped her change her lifestyle.And lastly, Prudence was a bloodsucker who used Marguerite till the last time.I also think she was jealous of Marguerite that she had so much more courage than herself and someone truly loved her.I think the sources of the Camellia’s tragic fate are her kind-hearted character, her persistence with love and courage to life.Her tragedy also reveals the corruption and darkness in society.Camille is just like the camellia, she could never escape from the tragic destiny.But it wasn’t her fault;it’s because of the evil of capitalism and the darkness of that society.She is small and weak when faced with the whole society, and is difficult to shake off fetters of conventional views.But her seek for love, desire to freedom and strong belief in life encouraged me a lot.Camellia is the classical image in the literature circles of the world.She has filthy profession and beautiful soul, lowly status and firm character.Her final result gave me endless regret and sentimentalism

Those pretty women are like those beautiful flowers, their delicate beauty makes people feel they are scenery of life.However, even the God envies their beauty.It seems that beautiful women always have tragic endings.As we are normal persons, even we can see the darkness of humanity that results in their fate of withering, we can at most ask quietly in our hearts: Where have those

beautiful flowers gone? Where have they gone?

第五篇：呼啸山庄英文书评

Wuthering Heights

Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights told a complicated love story among Catherine ,Heathcliff and Edgar.And of course they three were suffered from this a lot until their death.After reading this novel, I was shocked badly by the emotions of these characters through which our writer expressed a plenty of thoughts.Now I want to pick out two points of them to give voice to my own opinion.Firstly, why the Gypsies like Heathcliff were looked down upon by the other people.Secondly I would like to talk the selfishness of the love between Catherine and Heathcliff.When it comes to Gypsies, it will make us think of freedom, passion and magic ,in other words , it seems that the Gypsies possess the ability of reading the other people's minds.However, it is also the nation always coursed and insulted by the others.The reason for that was the Gypsies have been keeping migrating form their appearance.Even nowadays nobody can explain why they must do such things, which also made them surrounded by a mysterious air.Though the Gypsies is an independent nation,they have no motherland and many basic human rights.Just like Heathcliff in this novel who always been laughed at by the so called “superior ” people despite of his brightness and gentle looking.I maintained that the sense of shame was a most cause of his contortion and vengeance.Because of this self-abasement, Heathcliff did not dare to win the love of Catherine.Now let's shift our attention to the selfishness of the love between Heathcliff and Catherine.As a noble Miss ,Catherine thought she and Heathcliff were not well-matched for he was a poor and inferior farm boy thought they loved each other from childhood.One of the unbelievable reason gave by Catherine for her marriage with Edgar was she wanted to help Heathcliff by using her husband's money.And the other one was she could be the most important lady miles around by marrying Edgar.It was very clear that this kind of selfishness was the radical reason for their tragic endings.So was Heathcliff.He owed his failed marriage to Edgar and the others who ever turned up their noises at him.He cheated Isabella,sister of Edgar, and forced his son to marry Cathy ,daughter of Catherine and Edgar, in order to get Edgar's inheritance.I thought he never loved anyone except himself and Catherine.Maybe death was really a liberation for him to get himself out from the guilt and sorrows hidden in bottom of his heart.Luckily, after his death, Hareton and Cathy fell in love with each other and would live a happy life.Love is about giving not getting and Selfishness is what will ruin it.There was no doubt that Wuthering Heights was a thorough tragedy if we read it from this point.