第一篇:真相是什么?——影评《副作用》
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真相是什么?——影评《副作用》
影评人: 梅丽莎
这是一部悬疑片,剧透会让观影快感大打折扣。
因而本影评分为两部分,【分割线】以上是可在看电影前了解的。
当电影的侦探情节没有明显被渲染的时候,剧情略有点闷,像是一部探讨人性的电影,探讨了抑郁症患者的可怜,探讨了医生的良知,更探讨了法律体系的公平性——当“做过”和“有罪”划等号时,当“无罪”和“受连累、承担后果”划等号时,法律是不是“越位”了?
【前半段】
在电影的【前半段】中,女主角由于生活的分崩离析而饱受抑郁症的折磨,自杀倾向严重,屡屡失控,因此她去看心理医生,开始了药物治疗。抗抑郁症的药物仿佛是带来快乐和正常生活的万灵药,但副作用不容忽视。药物使她梦游,梦游中,她杀死了自己的丈夫。杀人这一情节突然而至,几个干净利索的镜头,电影进入【中间部分】。【中间部分】
电影的【中间部分】是对女主角的审判,梦游中杀夫,到底是不是谋杀?检察官给了医生两种结果:女主角要么是杀人犯,要么是医疗受害者,两种情形中都有人受到责罚。但“做过和有罪不能划等号”,此时是对医生良知的拷问。看似选择权在医生手中——女主角的心理医生。但不等他做出选择,女主角已借助媒体的威力,把案子炒得沸
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沸扬扬,医生迅速身败名裂,家庭生活变得一团糟。电影这时似乎意在探讨,医生在医疗事件中到底是不是一个坏人?跌入人生谷底的医生为了找回本该属于自己的生活而开始调查事情的真相,那么真相是什么? 【后半段】
电影的【后半段】揭示了故事的真相,原来电影之前讲述的全都是假象,真相狡猾地藏在背后,恐怕只有最老道的悬疑片观众才能发觉。那么,已经知道这是一部悬疑片的你,能否在电影解密之前就猜出真相呢?
电影很有模仿希区柯克电影的痕迹,除了结尾的真相太过狗血,应该说是一部好电影。
首先,作为侦探片,它选择了成功的模式,顺应了观众的心理,这是投靠类型片的好处。开篇的一地鲜血、四分之一处关键人物死掉和种种散布于情节中的小暗示,电影的布局谋篇是老套而经典的。但电影原本就没有定位于少数高端观众,而是定位在普通大众,这是商业片抓住票房的不错选择。只是结局部分让人略感生硬仓促,女主角谋杀的动机在我看来是不足的,是给电影减分的地方,也会让观众带着强烈的狗血感觉离开影院,影响电影的口碑。
其次,在侦探片的框架之下,充满了电影对于当代社会的思考。从“药物治疗是否是真正奏效的方法”,到“医生的医德和良知是如何
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一点点崩塌的”,到“媒体推波助澜的巨大毁人威力”,再到“法律是否真的会带来公正的判决、司法是否会被玩弄于股掌之间成为借刀杀人的利器”,最后又回到“抑郁症的根源”——生活从一帆风顺到一团糟的巨大落差。这些深刻的探讨,是电影高过寻常侦探片的地方,也是最可贵的地方。
侦探片旨在探求“真相”,而本电影也努力挖掘社会现状背后的“真相”,只是在现实生活中,对于“真相”的求索往往是无解的。这仿佛是导演的一个巨大的隐喻。
最后,不得不说演员的演技都很不错。这不仅是一部演员阵容强大的电影,更是一部好演员可以施展拳脚、绽放演技的电影。演员的表演都极具张力,配以犀利的镜头和干净利索的剪辑,让整部电影毫无混沌感,毫无臃肿冗长之处。
以下内容为繁体版 影評人: 梅麗莎
這是一部懸疑片,劇透會讓觀影快感大打折扣。
因而本影評分為兩部分,【分割線】以上是可在看電影前瞭解的。
當電影的偵探情節沒有明顯被渲染的時候,劇情略有點悶,像是一部探討人性的電影,探討瞭抑鬱癥患者的可憐,探討瞭醫生的良知,更探討瞭法律體系的公平性——當“做過”和“有罪”劃等號時,當“無罪”和“受連累、承擔後果”劃等號時,法律是不是“越位”瞭?
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【前半段】
在電影的【前半段】中,女主角由於生活的分崩離析而飽受抑鬱癥的折磨,自殺傾向嚴重,屢屢失控,因此她去看心理醫生,開始瞭藥物治療。抗抑鬱癥的藥物仿佛是帶來快樂和正常生活的萬靈藥,但副作用不容忽視。藥物使她夢遊,夢遊中,她殺死瞭自己的丈夫。殺人這一情節突然而至,幾個幹凈利索的鏡頭,電影進入【中間部分】。【中間部分】
電影的【中間部分】是對女主角的審判,夢遊中殺夫,到底是不是謀殺?檢察官給瞭醫生兩種結果:女主角要麼是殺人犯,要麼是醫療受害者,兩種情形中都有人受到責罰。但“做過和有罪不能劃等號”,此時是對醫生良知的拷問。看似選擇權在醫生手中——女主角的心理醫生。但不等他做出選擇,女主角已借助媒體的威力,把案子炒得沸沸揚揚,醫生迅速身敗名裂,傢庭生活變得一團糟。電影這時似乎意在探討,醫生在醫療事件中到底是不是一個壞人?跌入人生谷底的醫生為瞭找回本該屬於自己的生活而開始調查事情的真相,那麼真相是什麼? 【後半段】
電影的【後半段】揭示瞭故事的真相,原來電影之前講述的全都是假象,真相狡猾地藏在背後,恐怕隻有最老道的懸疑片觀眾才能發覺。那麼,已經知道這是一部懸疑片的你,能否在電影解密之前就猜出真相呢?
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電影很有模仿希區柯克電影的痕跡,除瞭結尾的真相太過狗血,應該說是一部好電影。
首先,作為偵探片,它選擇瞭成功的模式,順應瞭觀眾的心理,這是投靠類型片的好處。開篇的一地鮮血、四分之一處關鍵人物死掉和種種散佈於情節中的小暗示,電影的佈局謀篇是老套而經典的。但電影原本就沒有定位於少數高端觀眾,而是定位在普通大眾,這是商業片抓住票房的不錯選擇。隻是結局部分讓人略感生硬倉促,女主角謀殺的動機在我看來是不足的,是給電影減分的地方,也會讓觀眾帶著強烈的狗血感覺離開影院,影響電影的口碑。
其次,在偵探片的框架之下,充滿瞭電影對於當代社會的思考。從“藥物治療是否是真正奏效的方法”,到“醫生的醫德和良知是如何一點點崩塌的”,到“媒體推波助瀾的巨大毀人威力”,再到“法律是否真的會帶來公正的判決、司法是否會被玩弄於股掌之間成為借刀殺人的利器”,最後又回到“抑鬱癥的根源”——生活從一帆風順到一團糟的巨大落差。這些深刻的探討,是電影高過尋常偵探片的地方,也是最可貴的地方。
偵探片旨在探求“真相”,而本電影也努力挖掘社會現狀背後的“真相”,隻是在現實生活中,對於“真相”的求索往往是無解的。這仿佛是導演的一個巨大的隱喻。
最後,不得不說演員的演技都很不錯。這不僅是一部演員陣容強大的電影,更是一部好演員可以施展拳腳、綻放演技的電影。演員的表
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演都極具張力,配以犀利的鏡頭和幹凈利索的剪輯,讓整部電影毫無混沌感,毫無臃腫冗長之處。
《太极》影评:娱乐功夫片也有世界观
本文摘选自纽约时报中文网:
虽然是系列娱乐功夫片,电影《太极》依然颇具现实意味——风雨飘摇的帝国,面对内忧外患,国人如何自救自强,底层人如何奋斗向上,以及整个国家要往何处去,这些都可以在电影中窥见;而片方高调打出的“从白痴到大师”高调宣传语,迎合了中国大众文化中的“屌丝”的风行——这是一种社会底层自嘲的称呼,“屌丝”对拜金主义和成功学既无奈又渴望,这种渴望成功又囿于现实的心态几乎成了中国的“国民心态”。
2012年9月27日,由华谊兄弟公司的陈国富监制、冯德伦导演的功夫电影《太极1:从零开始》结束一年零四个月的拍摄和后制,在中国内地正式上映,虽然遭遇史上最激烈“国庆档”混战,但凭借国产电影少见的游戏化外观与重金打造的炫目视效,影片上映一个月,票房收入约1.5亿元人民币;11月1日,系列续作《太极2:英雄崛起》接棒上映,制作水准、品相观感乃至观众口碑,超过首集。至此,“两极”连缀,电影《太极》的完整面貌浮出水面。
《太极》集合了奥斯卡最佳美术设计叶锦添和香港金牌武术指导洪金宝,是部“混血功夫片”,走的不是《卧虎藏龙》那种历史氛围写实、解构侠义神话的路数,也非徐克的《黄飞鸿》、元奎的《方世玉》
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那种传统中华英雄拯救世界的“威亚功夫教学片”,而是企图另辟蹊径,在影片多种类型趣味混搭、游戏化的不羁外表之下,有一颗讽喻历史、映照现实的内核。
二十多年前,完成处女座《推手》的导演李安,原计划拍摄的第二部影片并非后来的《喜宴》,而是他最崇敬的清末武侠小说大家宫白羽的代表作《偷拳》。而《偷拳》的主人公,不是别人,正是电影《太极》的男主角——杨露禅。
小说《偷拳》与电影《太极》均取材历史人物、太极宗师杨露禅早年求艺的真实经历。历史上的杨露禅生活在清中末叶,身处两次西方工业革命之间,目睹清帝国遭遇他国入侵、一败涂地由盛转衰的命运,“西方”就此成为国人深深恐惧又极度佩服的强大异己力量。电影《太极》由此切入,讲述了杨露禅学拳自救的故事,并最终扩容为国人习新图存的神州传奇。
《太极》很难归类,可以说是各种类型片的杂烩:主人公为了自救,必须百折不挠习武强身(励志);但学功夫不够,还要泡师妹(爱情);泡师妹不够,还要打洋人(爱国);打洋人不过瘾,还要反抗强拆(“写实”);而为了抗拆迁,更要过关斩将,终极比武,成为一代宗师(武侠)。这种类型混搭的手法,让武侠/功夫这类古旧的中国电影类型,花样翻新趣味大增。
电影的视觉十分引人瞩目。将火车、电灯、英语、洋服、留声机等西方的舶来品,同长袍、马褂、功夫、中医、族规等传统图景杂糅并置,除却还原西风东渐华洋杂处的时代氛围,更大胆借鉴“蒸汽朋克”
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文化的幻想和混搭特色,进行一番天马行空的视觉呈现。看着影片中那明显不合史实的庞然大物般的拆房机器“特洛伊”、展翅翱翔俯冲投弹的载人飞行器“天威翼”,对中国观众而言,不啻为一次大幅度解放想象力的刺激观影体验。
电影暗合了当下青年文化的“屌丝逆袭”与“游戏人生”风潮,也在一定程度上解构着以往以“高富帅”为主角的的传统武侠神话。看着武术运动员袁晓超饰演的底层盲流杨露禅,通过艰苦努力,不仅习得绝世武功,拯救苍生,更抱得美人归,成为事业爱情双丰收的“成功人士”,这在同样拥有“屌丝”心态且不满自身现状的大部分年轻观众看来,这简直就是“中国梦”啊。
香港导演、台湾编剧、香港武指、内地新人、三地明星、国际幕后团队、超越文化地域性的题材,在华谊这座内地最大民营电影公司的舞台上,曾任美国哥伦比亚(亚洲)制作总监的陈国富,凭借开阔的国际视野和扎实的电影修养,整合各方资源,进行了一次虽不完美却激动人心的中国电影实验,用《太极》为我们展示了未来“新华语电影”某种可能性。跟当年陈国富拍惊悚大片《双瞳》非要把FBI到台湾侦破连环杀人案的俗套故事,浸上台湾社会信仰失落、迷信盛行的本土底色一样,他原创发起的项目《太极》,在娱乐化的外表之下,同样强调了对话现实的声部。
也许是首集过于游戏化、碎片化的呈现方式有些喧宾夺主,第二集形式更加简朴,线索也更单一。杨露禅学拳的戏份,在续集中降级为众多线索中草灰蛇线的一条,陈家沟人如何“反抗强拆”,力争生存,小时代2青木时代
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成为主要线索。通过陈长兴(梁家辉饰演)与陈栽秧(冯绍峰饰演)这对冤家父子的父子情怨,巧妙转换为传统与现代、封闭与开放、狭隘与包容之间的矛盾。
在这里,陈家沟成为彼时中国的缩影:面对外敌入侵,中国人要想生存下去,除了一身蛮力、不畏强暴外,是不是也需要少一份妄自尊大,多一份清醒自省?少一点抱残守缺,多一些开放包容?至此,封建家长陈长兴与从小沉溺于“奇技淫巧”的儿子陈栽秧的矛盾浮出水面,一方面这种矛盾继续为影片表层故事服务——陈栽秧制造各种恐慌,试图阻止杨露禅学拳,并赶走他;另一方面,陈长兴父子从多年对抗到狱中和解的过程,以感性的方式,传递了既珍视传统又包容新事物的理性态度。
有趣的是,无论是小说《偷拳》还是电影《太极》,杨露禅的师傅都被塑造成了一个不囿门户之见、敢于接纳新人新事的可敬长者形象(陈长兴既威严又搞怪,面对敌人巨炮轰炸时异常镇静的胆识和气度让人折服),这也许正体现了中国富有智识的知识分子既尊重传统,又不陷入思古幽情的囹圄,对于现代性有包容之心。
影片后半程,陈长兴嘱托杨露禅夫妇上京求助惇亲王,希望通过后者肃清吏治阻止方子敬拆迁,保全陈家沟。这是一个“改良派”的信号——传统的以武犯禁、玉石俱焚是民族主义式的“侠”;迂回作战,借助上层的努力曲线救国,何尝不是“侠”的另一种体现方式。影片结尾,众人返回家乡,欣喜地发现,铁路绕道,家园得保。至此,西方和东方、传统与现代、权势与草根、国家与个人的矛盾,在这里得
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到了一个不无虚幻却又美好的乌托邦式的调和。(影评人:胡不鬼)
以下内容为繁体版 本文摘選自紐約時報中文網:
雖然是系列娛樂功夫片,電影《太極》依然頗具現實意味——風雨飄搖的帝國,面對內憂外患,國人如何自救自強,底層人如何奮鬥向上,以及整個國傢要往何處去,這些都可以在電影中窺見;而片方高調打出的“從白癡到大師”高調宣傳語,迎合瞭中國大眾文化中的“屌絲”的風行——這是一種社會底層自嘲的稱呼,“屌絲”對拜金主義和成功學既無奈又渴望,這種渴望成功又囿於現實的心態幾乎成瞭中國的“國民心態”。
2012年9月27日,由華誼兄弟公司的陳國富監制、馮德倫導演的功夫電影《太極1:從零開始》結束一年零四個月的拍攝和後制,在中國內地正式上映,雖然遭遇史上最激烈“國慶檔”混戰,但憑借國產電影少見的遊戲化外觀與重金打造的炫目視效,影片上映一個月,票房收入約1.5億元人民幣;11月1日,系列續作《太極2:英雄崛起》接棒上映,制作水準、品相觀感乃至觀眾口碑,超過首集。至此,“兩極”連綴,電影《太極》的完整面貌浮出水面。
《太極》集合瞭奧斯卡最佳美術設計葉錦添和香港金牌武術指導洪金寶,是部“混血功夫片”,走的不是《臥虎藏龍》那種歷史氛圍寫實、解構俠義神話的路數,也非徐克的《黃飛鴻》、元奎的《方世玉》那種傳統中華英雄拯救世界的“威亞功夫教學片”,而是企圖另辟蹊徑,在影片多種類型趣味混搭、遊戲化的不羈外表之下,有一顆諷喻
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歷史、映照現實的內核。
二十多年前,完成處女座《推手》的導演李安,原計劃拍攝的第二部影片並非後來的《喜宴》,而是他最崇敬的清末武俠小說大傢宮白羽的代表作《偷拳》。而《偷拳》的主人公,不是別人,正是電影《太極》的男主角——楊露禪。
小說《偷拳》與電影《太極》均取材歷史人物、太極宗師楊露禪早年求藝的真實經歷。歷史上的楊露禪生活在清中末葉,身處兩次西方工業革命之間,目睹清帝國遭遇他國入侵、一敗塗地由盛轉衰的命運,“西方”就此成為國人深深恐懼又極度佩服的強大異己力量。電影《太極》由此切入,講述瞭楊露禪學拳自救的故事,並最終擴容為國人習新圖存的神州傳奇。
《太極》很難歸類,可以說是各種類型片的雜燴:主人公為瞭自救,必須百折不撓習武強身(勵志);但學功夫不夠,還要泡師妹(愛情);泡師妹不夠,還要打洋人(愛國);打洋人不過癮,還要反抗強拆(“寫實”);而為瞭抗拆遷,更要過關斬將,終極比武,成為一代宗師(武俠)。這種類型混搭的手法,讓武俠/功夫這類古舊的中國電影類型,花樣翻新趣味大增。
電影的視覺十分引人矚目。將火車、電燈、英語、洋服、留聲機等西方的舶來品,同長袍、馬褂、功夫、中醫、族規等傳統圖景雜糅並置,除卻還原西風東漸華洋雜處的時代氛圍,更大膽借鑒“蒸汽朋克”文化的幻想和混搭特色,進行一番天馬行空的視覺呈現。看著影片中那明顯不合史實的龐然大物般的拆房機器“特洛伊”、展翅翱翔俯沖
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投彈的載人飛行器“天威翼”,對中國觀眾而言,不啻為一次大幅度解放想象力的刺激觀影體驗。
電影暗合瞭當下青年文化的“屌絲逆襲”與“遊戲人生”風潮,也在一定程度上解構著以往以“高富帥”為主角的的傳統武俠神話。看著武術運動員袁曉超飾演的底層盲流楊露禪,通過艱苦努力,不僅習得絕世武功,拯救蒼生,更抱得美人歸,成為事業愛情雙豐收的“成功人士”,這在同樣擁有“屌絲”心態且不滿自身現狀的大部分年輕觀眾看來,這簡直就是“中國夢”啊。
香港導演、臺灣編劇、香港武指、內地新人、三地明星、國際幕後團隊、超越文化地域性的題材,在華誼這座內地最大民營電影公司的舞臺上,曾任美國哥倫比亞(亞洲)制作總監的陳國富,憑借開闊的國際視野和紮實的電影修養,整合各方資源,進行瞭一次雖不完美卻激動人心的中國電影實驗,用《太極》為我們展示瞭未來“新華語電影”某種可能性。跟當年陳國富拍驚悚大片《雙瞳》非要把FBI到臺灣偵破連環殺人案的俗套故事,浸上臺灣社會信仰失落、迷信盛行的本土底色一樣,他原創發起的項目《太極》,在娛樂化的外表之下,同樣強調瞭對話現實的聲部。
也許是首集過於遊戲化、碎片化的呈現方式有些喧賓奪主,第二集形式更加簡樸,線索也更單一。楊露禪學拳的戲份,在續集中降級為眾多線索中草灰蛇線的一條,陳傢溝人如何“反抗強拆”,力爭生存,成為主要線索。通過陳長興(梁傢輝飾演)與陳栽秧(馮紹峰飾演)這對冤傢父子的父子情怨,巧妙轉換為傳統與現代、封閉與開放、狹
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隘與包容之間的矛盾。
在這裡,陳傢溝成為彼時中國的縮影:面對外敵入侵,中國人要想生存下去,除瞭一身蠻力、不畏強暴外,是不是也需要少一份妄自尊大,多一份清醒自省?少一點抱殘守缺,多一些開放包容?至此,封建傢長陳長興與從小沉溺於“奇技淫巧”的兒子陳栽秧的矛盾浮出水面,一方面這種矛盾繼續為影片表層故事服務——陳栽秧制造各種恐慌,試圖阻止楊露禪學拳,並趕走他;另一方面,陳長興父子從多年對抗到獄中和解的過程,以感性的方式,傳遞瞭既珍視傳統又包容新事物的理性態度。
有趣的是,無論是小說《偷拳》還是電影《太極》,楊露禪的師傅都被塑造成瞭一個不囿門戶之見、敢於接納新人新事的可敬長者形象(陳長興既威嚴又搞怪,面對敵人巨炮轟炸時異常鎮靜的膽識和氣度讓人折服),這也許正體現瞭中國富有智識的知識分子既尊重傳統,又不陷入思古幽情的囹圄,對於現代性有包容之心。
影片後半程,陳長興囑托楊露禪夫婦上京求助惇親王,希望通過後者肅清吏治阻止方子敬拆遷,保全陳傢溝。這是一個“改良派”的信號——傳統的以武犯禁、玉石俱焚是民族主義式的“俠”;迂回作戰,借助上層的努力曲線救國,何嘗不是“俠”的另一種體現方式。影片結尾,眾人返回傢鄉,欣喜地發現,鐵路繞道,傢園得保。至此,西方和東方、傳統與現代、權勢與草根、國傢與個人的矛盾,在這裡得到瞭一個不無虛幻卻又美好的烏托邦式的調和。(影評人:胡不鬼)
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第二篇:《光荣的愤怒》影评——为了自由和真相(范文模版)
《光荣的愤怒》——为了自由和真相
影片题目一语双关,而影片的价值所在其实正是虚构世界之外的追求真相与自由的呼声。我惊异于这部电影以如此犀利露骨的方式针砭时弊,竟会通过审核而能够公开放映,可是这也是件值得高兴的事,《3D泰坦尼克号》某片段被和谐之后可能渐渐地不会出现对影片做无理剪辑的事儿了。
正如此次《泰坦尼克号》事件,观众批判审核部门的无理行为,想想在追求自由的道路上,从陈胜吴广到五四运动等等,人们因为自由被无情剥夺而用生命斗争。影片从具有双面性格的村支书叶光荣下手,当然,他代表的却不是真正的“正义”。
“光荣到底是谁?”光荣是与一手遮天的村长四兄弟势不两立的村支书,假传县里的指示,加上“可靠村民”的帮助,希望通过一次性的“抓熊计划”,把村长四兄弟的黑势力彻底从村中铲除。但道高一尺,魔高一丈,身为村长的熊老三精明过人,逃过被当场捉奸不利局面,反而得到光荣聚众闹事的把柄。他突下狠手,准备反咬一口把光荣等人解决。这时,以新县长为代表的县领导班子,带领公安局大队突然从天而降,彻底地根除了熊家恶势力。电影通过明暗立场的转换,把情节变得很精彩,但这个结尾方式却又很不像国产影片。
可是光荣并不是纯“正义”的。他接受了村长通过关系为其妻子找到的工作、以金钱利诱狗卵去作他的帮手、假传县里的指示来树立权威、私自搜查民宅……从法律上说,这些举动都是说不过去的,可是他作为村支书,从人民的立场上讲,哪里有压迫哪里就有反抗,他就成了敢于同恶势力斗争、解放民意的好村官。在村长兄弟雄霸一方的时候,饭店老板土瓜选择了忍受,在全村揭竿而起的时候还选择做了叛徒;盐厂工人在发现妻子与熊老四通奸后,选择了打断自己妻子的腿。光荣却站了出来,他没有选择忍气吞声逆来顺受。这勇气是光荣而可贵的。
尽管影片内容来源于真实生活,可是我们都看得出,事件的发展还是颇有些不现实的。当今社会中这种现象比比皆是,可国人多数选择逆来顺受,似乎这是个历史遗留问题,从几千年前人们就已经学会了这样处世。当少有的“叶光荣”出现时,便有人喊出了人民的呼声,但为何听不到媒体和政府任何的回应?然而,这样的故事作为“真相”被揭露出来,也只能是在虚构的文艺作品里。这是非常可悲的。
在此我不会抨击媒体和行政执法者,因为社会如此发展一定有其道理,如我不能接受,我便逃离,到符合我价值观念的地方。我只是想说“真相”。人们终日追求自由,虽少斗争和行动,但总算是在思想中占了一些空间,却很少有人去追求“真相”。真相是人们生活中除空气外最重要的元素,没有真相,一切都没有意义。如果有人想刻意把我们蒙在鼓里,我们也没办法,只是寻找真相的脚步不能停止。在目前的环境下,我不敢呼吁每个人都站出来寻找每一个历史事件的真相,可此刻你不站出来,也会有别人站出来的,而总有一天你也会自己站出来的。当有一天人们觉得这种事实不必只存在于虚构的文艺作品中,当普通人不必为寻找真相付出巨大代价时,那人类的精神解放才算是起步,才是真正的“光荣”。
第三篇:糖皮质激素的副作用
糖皮质激素的副作用
糖皮质激素为维持生命所必需,对人体的生理作用是多方面的。超生理量的糖皮质激素具有抗感染、抗过敏和抑制免疫反应等多种药理作用,常被运用于治疗各类应激反应、免疫性疾病和炎症状态。其临床应用非常广泛,但是不适当的使用或长期大剂量使用可导致多种不良反应和并发症,甚至危及生命。本文将已知的糖皮质激素的副作用做一总结。糖皮质激素常见的不良反应
1.1 库欣综合征
长期超生理剂量应用可引起水、盐、糖、蛋白质及脂肪的代谢紊乱,表现为向心性肥胖(俗称满月脸、水牛背)、痤疮、多毛、无力、低血钾、浮肿、高血压、糖尿等。一般无需特殊处理,在停药后可自行消失,必要时可对症治疗。凡有高血压、动脉硬化、心肾功能不全的患者应慎用糖皮质激素。对同时应用强心甙和利尿剂的患者应注意补充钾盐。
1.2 诱发或加重感染
糖皮质激素的抗感染作用,其主要机制是抑制炎症促进因子;抑制抗原抗体反应;降低毛细血管通透性,减轻毒素对机体的损害,从而减轻炎症反应的症状。但激素无抗菌能力,而且抑制抗体形成,干扰体液和细胞免疫功能,使感染扩散。由于糖皮质激素有强大的抗细菌内毒素作用,可减少内源性致热源的释放,并能抑制下丘脑对致热源的反应,有较好的退热作用。在临床实践中,人们往往求效心切,把激素当成“退热药”,结果患者表面上解除了发热,但感染却扩散,病情进一步发展或在病毒感染的基础上并发细菌感染、真菌感染等。曾有报道4例分别为“急性化脓性中耳炎”、“左颌下急性蜂窝织炎”、“上呼吸道感染”、“结核性脑膜炎”患者,因治疗中滥用激素而死亡。所以一般感染性疾病应用激素必须严格掌握用药指征,且剂量宜小,疗程宜短;仅重危细菌感染出现严重毒血症者可短期应用大剂量激素,且必须同时应用足量有效的抗感染药物。病原不明的细菌感染、耐药性细菌、真菌及病毒感染均应忌用。
1.4 诱发或加重溃疡、出血、穿孔
糖皮质激素可促进胃酸和胃蛋白酶的分泌,减少胃黏液分泌,加强蛋白质分解代谢和抑制蛋白质合成,使胃黏膜失去保护和修复能力,故能诱发或加剧溃疡病,甚至引起出血、穿孔的危险。为防止这一反应可同时加用制酸药。
1.8 皮肤病变
面部皮肤对激素最为敏感,常见的有黑斑、皱纹、毛细血管扩张、多毛、痤疮、红斑反应、激素依赖性皮炎等。
1.9 增加心脑血管疾病的风险
据《心脏》杂志(Heart,2004,90:859-865)上的一项报告,口服糖皮质激素增加25%的心或脑血管疾病风险。
1.10 诱发眼病
滥用激素滴眼液可诱发青光眼、白内障、眼色素层发炎及角膜变厚、角膜伤口愈合减慢等。糖皮质激素少见或罕见的不良反应
2.1 过敏反应
静脉迅速给予大剂量激素可能发生全身性过敏反应,包括面部、鼻黏膜、眼睑肿胀、荨麻疹、气短、胸闷、哮喘,甚至过敏性休克。
2.2 心绞痛
激素所致心绞痛的机制可能是由于激素快速进入机体内引起去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素分泌过多,兴奋α受体,导致血管收缩,冠状动脉阻力增加,发生心肌缺血。
2.3 急性胰腺炎
激素能增加胰腺分泌和胰液黏稠度,导致微细胰管阻塞,胰腺泡扩大及胰酶溢出,同时激素可导致高脂血症及全身感染等因素而引起胰腺炎。
2.4 类固醇肌病
大量使用激素可导致蛋白异化亢进、肌肉萎缩和纤维化,出现对称性肌张力低下,主要是下肢近端肌肉的严重受侵,难以蹲位站起是其特征。
2.5 股骨头缺血性坏死
长期使用激素引起脂肪肝及高脂血症,来源于中性脂肪的栓子易黏附于血管壁上,阻塞软骨下的终末动脉,使血管栓塞造成股骨头无菌性缺血坏死。一旦发现无菌性股骨头坏死者即应停药或配合补钙、维生素等治疗。对保守治疗无效的也可考虑手术治疗。
2.6 肺动脉栓塞
激素具有抑制纤维蛋白溶解和使红细胞、血小板增多之作用从而凝血因子增加。因此,长期使用激素,在治疗中一旦出现气急、咯血或休克者,应高度警惕肺动脉栓塞的发生。
2.7 胆道出血
长期使用激素可诱发动脉硬化,使血管内膜肿胀及增殖,上皮细胞脂质沉着,弹力组织破碎产生血管脆弱症及坏死性血管炎。因此,长期使用激素者,一旦出现右上肢痛、黄疸及黑便,应警惕胆道出血的可能。
2.8 肾钙化和肾结石
糖皮质激素有轻度抑制骨质,减少肾小管对钙、磷的再吸收而增加其排泄的作用。长期使用糖皮质激素可使尿钙、磷排出增加,产生高尿酸尿症。
2.9 糖皮质激素可通过胎盘
人类药理剂量的糖皮质激素可增加胎盘功能不全,使新生儿体重减少或死胎的发生率。
2.10 糖皮质激素可由乳汁中排泄
生理剂量或低药理剂量(每天可的松25mg或强的松5mg)对婴儿一般无不良影响,但是如乳母接受大剂量糖皮质激素则不应哺乳。糖皮质激素停、撤药引发的不良反应
3.1 肾上腺皮质萎缩或功能不全
长时间应用糖皮质激素可使内源性糖皮质激素分泌减退,甚至导致肾上腺萎缩。突然停药或停药1~2年内,在一定条件下(如大手术、创伤、出血、严重感染等)发生急性肾上腺皮质功能不全的症状,如头昏、无力、恶心、呕吐、低血糖、低血压,甚至发生昏迷或休克。为了防止这种现象的发生,应在停药后数月或更长时间内遇到上述应激情况时及时补给足量激素或停药后给予ACTH或丙酸睾酮治疗,减少发生机会,一旦发生,则按肾上腺危象抢救。
3.2 反跳现象
长期应用糖皮质激素类药物,症状已完全控制、缓解,但因突然停药或减量过大过快,可见原发病复发或恶化现象称为反跳现象。多由患者对激素产生依赖,体内激素浓度突然下降所致。这时可再使用激素。为避免此现象,应用激素1周以上患者应缓慢减量,乃至停药。
3.3 停用综合征
指突然停撤药后出现一些原来没有的临床症候群,如肌痛、关节痛、肌强直、疲乏无力、发热、情绪低落或无欲状态,少数患者可致虚脱,为下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴系统暂时性功能紊乱所致。此时应及时恢复原来使用激素种类和剂量,待症状平稳后缓慢减量,逐步停药。
激素的副作用可能还有许多未被我们发现和掌握。激素与其他药物之间的相互影响非常广泛。临床使用激素时应严格掌握适应证、使用方法、药物种类、剂量及不良反应的预防等。
【参考文献】
姚泰.生理学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005,593-595.杨世杰.药理学.北京:人民卫生出版社,2005,121-129.庄福国,孟庆成.感染性疾病滥用糖皮质激素致死4例报告.中华实用医药杂志,2003,3(6):557.刘北海,刘新.眼科应用糖皮质激素诱发严重精神失常分析.中华现代眼科学杂志,2005,1(1):81.张海英,李玉珍.糖皮质激素类药物的药理特性及合理应用.临床药物治疗杂志,2004,2(3):36.刘慧霞,何碧秀.糖皮质激素诱导胰岛素抵抗的分子原理.中国医师杂志,2001,3(9):656-658.
第四篇:难以忽视的真相 An Inconvenient Truth 英文影评
难以忽视的真相 An Inconvenient Truth 英文影评 review by James Berardinelli The problem with An Inconvenient Truth isn't the message;it's the messenger.If the film's goal is to educate and warn about Global Warming, why use one of the most pisive political figures of the last decade as the spokesman? I don't have a problem with Al Gore, but how many Republicans(and possibly even Independents)are going to be interested in spending 100 minutes listening to the ex-Vice President talking about Global Warming? Thus, instead of a wake-up call, this filmturns into a sermon for the choir.The documentary makes two additional missteps that hurt its credibility and will diminish its widespread acceptance.There are times when, via biographical snippets and personal reflections from its central figure, it seems to be more about Gore than Global Warming.And, despite what others have written, there is a clear, albeit subtle, political bias.When the film wants to illustrate the obtuseness of politicians concerning Global Warming, it uses sound bytes from several prominent mendirector Davis Guggenheim has a right to slant his film any way he wants todon't worry, Al Gore don't pretend he's on American Idol), since it's essentially a filmed version of one of Gore's well-known Global Warming slideshows.For about 90 minutes of the 100-minute running time, Gore talks to us(he doesn't lecture)about the subject, using a variety of slides(and even an animated cartoon)to make his point.It should be no surprise that the presentation is as polished as it is-Gore estimates he has given it more than 1000 times over a span of more than 20 years.Despite its flaws and the familiarity of the material, I was engaged by the movie.The clarity and simplicity of the presentation is remarkable.Gore is a likable, confident, humorous speaker.And the material reminds us of the need for vigilance.If only a few viewers learn some things about Global Warming, then the movie has done a worthy job.However?Critics are constantly reminded to review the movie that exists, not the one that doesn't, but in the case of An Inconvenient Truth, the message is so important that I can't help but wonder if this doesn't constitute, on some level, a missed opportunity.Critics have labeled Al Gore and his decades-long crusade to curb global warming as “alarmist.” But if you've been warning people that the sky is falling for more than 20 years and it really is falling(or at least heating up), don't you have an obligation to sound an alarm? The highly persuasive documentary “An Inconvenient Truth” captures Gore delivering a multimedia presentation he has given an estimated 1,000 times since 1989.The talk is augmented with an impressive array of graphs, animation, anecdotes and statistics that convey a flurry of facts, projections and conjecture, all pointing to the ill effects the present rate of emissions has on the environment.A film with a clear point of view(and little room for others), it is the inspiration of producers Laurie David and Lawrence Bender, who attended Gore's lecture, decided it had to be made into a film to broaden the reach of its message and recruited director Davis Guggenheim to shoot it.Guggenheim intercuts the lecture with footage of Gore on the road, studiously working out his presentation on his ubiquitous laptop, and segments that effectively show the crucible moments in his life that led him to continually rededicate himself to this topic.There's the college professor who first taught him about climate change in the late 1960s, the death of Gore's sister Nancy from cancer and the 1989 accident that nearly claimed the life of his son.While the vignettes establish Gore's long-term commitment, unfortunately there's a slickness to them that plays like a campaign film that might be shown at a political convention.Gore might not be anybody's idea of a pitchman, but here he's matched with the right topic, one for which he demonstrates real passion.He's charming, intelligent, professorial and one might even say … presidential.In fact, more than one observer has commented that if this Al Gore had been more visible during the 2000 election there may have been a different outcome.Rather than alarmed, Gore comes off as poised, relaxed and confident.Guggenheim sets up Citizen Al as part rock star, part eco-Buddha.He introduces himself to a small audience saying, “I'm Al Gore, and I used to be the next president of the United States.” The line gets a laugh and quickly addresses the considerable baggage that comes with being on the losing end of one of the most pisive political outcomes in U.S.history.This position has its pros and cons for the film.On the plus side, Gore stands tall as an insider pushed to the fringe, a man on a mission with nothing to lose.He's able to attack the issue without equivocation.On the minus side, it's easy for naysayers to claim that the digs he makes at conservatives are sour grapes and he's merely positioning himself to run again in 2008 — though this would appear to be a longshot issue on which to do so.The environment has not resonated much with voters or politicians in the past, though the increasing popularity of hybrid cars and eco-friendly products and services might indicate a shift in attitudes.That something so important could be largely ignored for so long is almost inconceivable, and among the things the film does well is an analysis as to why that is.A 2004 Science magazine survey of more than 900 peer-reviewed academic papers on the subject of global warming found that all supported the reality while none contested it.However, a like sampling of mainstream media found that 53% of the stories portrayed global warming as something that was in doubt in the scientific community.The mixed message has kept the automobile and oil industries in the driver's seat and the issue out of political debates.Gore also does an excellent job of explaining the basic science behind climate change and the accelerated rise in temperatures since the 1970s.What could be very dry material is enlivened by Gore's geniality and desire to share the information.The potential for dreaded heaviosity is leavened at times by his dry wit and humorous moments, such as a clip from Matt Groening's animated series “Futurama.” Real and projected catastrophes reveal what is at stake.Glacier erosion, the threat to wildlife and the spread of deadly viruses make for some terrifying scenarios.Hurricane Katrina and other weather-related disasters that occurred in late 2005 are included, giving the film a sense of timeliness and a powerful visual element, which Gore compares to “a nature hike through the Book of Revelations.” The other strong point that Gore makes is to dispute the “either/or” argument presented by big business when it comes to making the necessary changes.He uses Upton Sinclair's quote, “It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends upon his not understanding it,” to not-so-subtly stress the motivation behind this line of thinking.The film's title refers to politicians' apprehensiveness in addressing the problem.Attempts at strict environmental reform have long been met with gloomy projections from the right of economic disaster in the form of lost jobs and factory closures, and Gore rebuts this by suggesting that green business can be good business.Although the message of the film sounds bleak, it is actually quite rousing.Gore offers measures that can be taken on personal and community levels but also stresses that major changes require a larger response.The film's ultimate significance is that this requires political will — which Gore labels a “renewable resource” — and that if our present representatives are not up to the challenge, we elect men and women who are.I want to write this review so every reader will begin it and finish it.I am a liberal, but I do not intend this as a review reflecting any kind of politics.It reflects the truth as I understand it, and it represents, I believe, agreement among the world's experts.Global warming is real.It is caused by human activity.Mankind and its governments must begin immediate action to halt and reverse it.If we do nothing, in about 10 years the planet may reach a “tipping point” and begin a slide toward destruction of our civilization and most of the other species on this planet.After that point is reached, it would be too late for any action.These facts are stated by Al Gore in the documentary “An Inconvenient Truth.” Forget he ever ran for office.Consider him a concerned man speaking out on the approaching crisis.“There is no controversy about these facts,” he says in the film.“Out of 925 recent articles in peer-review scientific journals about global warming, there was no disagreement.Zero.” He stands on a stage before a vast screen, in front of an audience.The documentary is based on a speech he has been developing for six years, and is supported by dramatic visuals.He shows the famous photograph “Earthrise,” taken from space by the first American astronauts.Then he shows a series of later space photographs, clearly indicating that glaciers and lakes are shrinking, snows are melting, shorelines are retreating.He provides statistics: The 10 warmest years in history were in the last 14 years.Last year South America experienced its first hurricane.Japan and the Pacific are setting records for typhoons.Hurricane Katrina passed over Florida, doubled back over the Gulf, picked up strength from unusually warm Gulf waters, and went from Category 3 to Category 5.There are changes in the Gulf Stream and the jet stream.Cores of polar ice show that carbon dioxide is much, much higher than ever before in a quarter of a million years.It was once thought that such things went in cycles.Gore stands in front of a graph showing the ups and downs of carbon dioxide over the centuries.Yes, there is a cyclical pattern.Then, in recent years, the graph turns up and keeps going up, higher and higher, off the chart.The primary man-made cause of global warming is the burning of fossil fuels.We are taking energy stored over hundreds of millions of years in the form of coal, gas and oil, and releasing it suddenly.This causes global warming, and there is a pass-along effect.Since glaciers and snow reflect sunlight but sea water absorbs it, the more the ice melts, the more of the sun's energy is retained by the sea.Gore says that although there is “100 percent agreement” among scientists, a database search of newspaper and magazine articles shows that 57 percent question the fact of global warming, while 43 percent support it.These figures are the result, he says, of a disinformation campaign started in the 1990s by the energy industries to “reposition global warming as a debate.” It is the same strategy used for years by the defenders of tobacco.My father was a Luckys smoker who died of lung cancer in 1960, and 20 years later it was still “debatable” that there was a link between smoking and lung cancer.Now we are talking about the death of the future, starting in the lives of those now living.“The world won't 'end' overnight in 10 years,” Gore says.“But a point will have been passed, and there will be an irreversible slide into destruction.” In England, Sir James Lovelock, the scientist who proposed the Gaia hypothesis(that the planet functions like a living organism), has published a new book saying that in 100 years mankind will be reduced to “a few breeding couples at the Poles.” Gore thinks “that's too pessimistic.We can turn this around just as we reversed the hole in the ozone layer.But it takes action right now, and politicians in every nation must have the courage to do what is necessary.It is not a political issue.It is a moral issue.” When I said I was going to a press screening of “An Inconvenient Truth,” a friend said, “Al Gore talking about the environment!Bor...ing!” This is not a boring film.The director, Davis Guggenheim, uses words, images and Gore's concise litany of facts to build a film that is fascinating and relentless.In 39 years, I have never written these words in a movie review, but here they are: You owe it to yourself to see this film.If you do not, and you have grandchildren, you should explain to them why you decided not to.Am I acting as an advocate in this review? Yes, I am.I believe that to be “impartial” and “balanced” on global warming means one must take a position like Gore's.There is no other view that can be defended.Sen.James Inhofe(R-Okla.), chairman of the Senate Environment Committee, has said, “Global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people.” I hope he takes his job seriously enough to see this film.I think he has a responsibility to do that.What can we do? Switch to and encourage the development of alternative energy sources: Solar, wind, tidal, and, yes, nuclear.Move quickly toward hybrid and electric cars.Pour money into public transit, and subsidize the fares.Save energy in our houses.I did a funny thing when I came home after seeing “An Inconvenient Truth.” I went around the house turning off the lights.You can say whatever you like about the politics of former Senator and Vice President Al Gore, and you can even be skeptical about his message as delivered in his documentary about global warming, An Inconvenient Truth, but at the very least, he does make a compelling case for anyone that watches it to find out more about the situation.While most Liberal viewers out there will believe everything Gore says chapter and verse, and Conservatives will no doubt dismiss it as more misguided, tree-hugging scare tactics, if you keep an open mind to the presentation as delivered, it's almost impossible not to feel that self-education regarding the global warming issue has become an immediate concern that merits thorough investigation before dismissing as “Chicken Little” nonsense.The strength of the documentary's impetus comes from the affability and mild-mannered approach by the main presenter of its information.The main weakness of it is that that person is Al Gore.It's not because Al Gore isn't an eloquent speaker and respectable leader worthy of presenting such volatile, and potentially cataclysmic, information--as a famous politician that has been on the forefront of the environmental movement, there are few other recognizable names that could have even gotten this film made.The fact is that Gore's presence has the double-edged quality that will galvanize the political base that firmly believes in the environmental movement while keeping those that should rightfully hear the information, namely, closed-minded Conservatives, completely at bay.Most staunch Conservatives will refuse to believe anything Gore has to say on the matter, regardless of how many facts he is able to back up, probably dismissing every learned scientist, scholarly journal, and news article as more evidence of a Liberal political agenda that seeks to take away prime and lucrative industries in the world that employ millions of hard-working people.Ironic that the same people that see every syllable uttered by Gore as tainted lies will take everything said by provocateurs like Rush Limbaugh as gospel, without the need for scientific evidence to support his theories to label them as indubitable truth.Another double-edged quality to the film lies in the amount of personal information about Al Gore that director Guggenheim deemed necessary to include.Within the construct of the slide presentation, we are taken outside of it to learn several anecdotes about Gore's upbringing and tidbits regarding the most interesting facets of his life.The intended effect is to make Gore seem more trustworthy and likeable, and therefore, not some empty suit lobbyist or wacko with a crazy agenda.While it is successful on this front, there are moments when you begin to wonder if the film isn't driven by the need to compel us into more environmentally friendly pursuits than in the redemption of Al Gore as a person and political entity ruined by the pisive election of 2000.However, on the other hand, Gore actually does manage to tie in this anecdotal material into the overall message, even if only tangentially, so credit them for trying to take a more personal, emotionally resonant, and friendly approach, while still sticking to theme.An Inconvenient Truth may not be the most exciting film released in the Summer of 2006, but it is probably the most important, especially for those that don't want to believe such a dire situation exists.You may not have voted for Gore, and you may not even like him personally;listen to the message, if not the messenger, and then do your own studies on the situation from actual scientific sources--not radio personality political pundits with knee-jerk claims of “Chicken Little” like boys who cry wolf.Removing my own personal and political beliefs and just taking this as a film, it is effectively presented and fascinating in its information, even if somewhat dry at times for those not accustomed to listening to what amounts to be a lecture, albeit a flashy one.Perhaps having excerpts of interviews with actual scientific scholars and leaders would have been a better way to strengthen Gore's claims than showing his boyhood home and family, but Gore's message still is able to get out there, and possibly affect thousands of people and the way they think--perhaps even millions once it hits video and TV, An Inconvenient Truth may have shortcomings in certain respects, and it may not alter the course of the world as it intends, but it just might change your life, and for that alone, it deserves to be called one of the most powerful and important films of 2006.
第五篇:追寻革命的真相——辛亥革命 电影影评(teniu推荐)
追寻革命的真相,追寻历史的真相
辛亥革命,何为革命?
毛泽东说: “革命史暴动,是一个阶级推翻另一个阶级的暴烈的行动。” 《辛亥革命》的开场,秋瑾在赴死前说:“我此番赴死,是为革命,中国妇女还没有为革命流过血,当从我秋瑾始。纵使世人并不尽知革命为何,竟让我狠心抛家弃子。我此番赴死,正为回答革命所谓何事:革命是为给天下人造一个风雨不侵的家,给孩子一个温和宁静的世界,纵使这些被奴役久了的人们早已麻木,不知宁静温和为何物。我此番赴死是为革命,死并非不足惧,亦并非不足惜,但牺牲之快,之烈,牺牲之价值,竟让我在这一刻自心底喜极而泣。”秋瑾为革命而死,为所有的孩子而死。
革命是属于反应多数人民群众对一个不公平制度的反抗,革命的目的不是死,是为了要改变命运,为天下人谋取幸福平等,是许多年轻人用生命的代价换取让活着的人更好地生活。革命中一直都带有两种色彩,一是暴力,二是正义。
辛亥革命是1911年爆发的资产阶级民主革命。它是在清王朝日益腐朽,帝国主义侵略进一步加深、中华民族资本主义初步成长的基础上发生的。其目的是推翻清朝的专制统治,挽救民族危亡,争取国家的独立、民主和富强。这次革命结束了中国长达两千年之久的君主专制制度,是一次伟大的革命运动。辛亥革命是近代中国比较完全意义上的资产阶级民主革命。它在政治上、思想上给中国人民带来了不可低估的解放作用。革命使民主共和的观念深入人心。反帝反封建斗争,以辛亥革命为新的起点,更加深入、更加大规模的开展起来。具有重大的历史意义。
《辛亥革命》这部电影不像一般红色主旋律电影那样,没有无聊的意识形态,没有刻意的煽情,只有革命的惨烈,只有革命的真相,只有历史上的真相。
我们很多人对于历史上的辛亥革命的了解只来源于以前上学时候课本上的那一点点内容,对于这场革命的真相,其实根本就不了解,现在《辛亥革命》这部电影很好地描述了当年革命时的前因后果以及革命的精神,尤其突出了孙中山先生的那种革命精神,电影中孙中山先生的激情的台词更是充分展现了孙中山的风采和革命理念:“革命是替天下人谋求永久的幸福,我以为,革命 是让社会进步的理念,从此深入人心,人们懂得了敢有帝制自为者,天下共击之,革命是我们将有中国人自己的工厂,银行、铁路、矿山,有了可以追寻的民生幸福,革命是让我们这个即将强盛起来的民族,不再受列强的侵略和掠夺,不再做任何人的奴隶,在任何人的心里,永远,永远,都不再惧怕列强,都不再有封建皇权,使全国之人无一贫苦,是中华之民族,屹立世界之东方,这就是革命的意义。”
《辛亥革命》整部电影是尽量追寻了历史的真相的,它将辛亥革命中的重大历史事件都详细的描述了,例如广州起义、武昌起义、孙中山就任总统、袁世凯逼清王朝退位到最终袁世凯窃取革命成果,很好地解释了孙中山先生的革命思想以及,他当时要辞去总统的职位的原因。不再是像课本教材中那样对孙中山对孙中山先生三民主义的批判评价,有的只是孙中山先生在革命过程中努力以及无奈,所以我们不应该用意识形态的眼光去看待这部电影,而是应该去学习和敬仰孙中山先生的革命思想和革命精神。
历史的潮流浩浩荡荡,不可阻挡,顺其者昌,逆其者亡。我们应该以史为鉴,追寻革命的真相,追寻历史的真相,并牢记这段真实的历史,去质疑,去反思。以史为鉴,可知兴替。