积累的英语知识

第一篇：积累的英语知识

新编英语教程(李观仪)A New English Course

Space Requirements How much living space does a person need? What happens when these space requirements are not adequately met? Sociologists and psychologists are conducting experiments on rats to try to determine the effects of overcrowding on humans.Recent studies have shown that the behavior of rats is greatly affected by space.If rats have adequate living space, they eat well, sleep well and reproduce well.But if their living conditions become too crowded, their behavior patterns and even their health conditions change perceptibly.They cannot sleep and eat well, and signs of fear and tension become obvious.The more crowded they are, the more they tend to bite each other and even kill each other.Thus, for rats, population and violence are directly related.Is this a natural law for human society as well? Is adequate space not only desirable but also essential for human survival? There is an inn where I lived one summer,writing my book and observing the tourists.Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice.Many more visitors than it can comfortably hold pour into it, off the regular steamers, off chartered motor-boats, and off yachts, all day they amble up the towpath, looking for what? The cathedral is decorated with eraly mosaics—scenes from hell, much restored, and a great sad, austere Madonna;Byzantine art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it.They wander into the church and look around aimlessly.They come out on to the village green and photograph each other in a stone armchair, said to be the throne of Attila.They relentlessly tear at the wild roses which one has seen in bud and longed to see in bloom and which, for a day have scented the whole island.As soon as they are picked the roses fade and are thrown into the canal.The Americans visit the inn to eat or drink something.The English declare that they cannot afford to do this.They take food which they have brought with them into the vineyard and I am sorry to say leave the devil of a mess behind them.Every Thursday Germans come up the towpath, marching as to war, with a Leader.There is a standing order for fifty luncheons at the inn;while they eat the Leader lectures them through a megaphone.After luncheon they march into the cathedral and undergo another lecture.They, at least, know what they are seeing.Then they march back to their boat.They are tidy;they leave on litter.More interesting, however, than the behavior of the tourists is that of the islanders.As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs.Babies toddle about offering four-leafed clovers and hoping for a tip.More cries of ―Buona fortuna‖.The priest organizes holy processions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer.And so the play goes on.The tourists are incredibly mean, they hardly leave anything on the island except empty cigarette boxes and flapping Daily Mails.The lace is expensive, but they might buy a few postcards or shell necklaces and give the children some pennies;they seem to have hearts of stone.As soon as the last boat has gone, down comes the curtain.The ―gondoliers‖ shed their white linen jackets and silly straw hats and go back to Burano, taking Eric , highly dissatisfied with his earnings and saying if this goes on he will die of hunger.The sweet old women let the smiles fade from their faces, put away their lace-making pillows, and turn to ordinary activities of village life such as drowning kittens.The father of the clover babies creeps about on his knees finding four-leafed clovers for the next day.The evening reproaches ring out, the moon comes up, the flapping Daily Mails blow into the lagoon.Torcello is itself again.You will be more successful in bringing others to your belief if you agree with them than if you show evidence for your point of view.People are ruled more by whim than by wisdom.A learned profession is sometimes defined as any job that employs scholarly achievement in the service of others.According to this definition, any position involving extensive academic training that is subsequently used in the service of society is to be considered a learned profession.When the consumer makes choices, he is actually deciding the kinds of products that businesses will offer for sale, an article that has little demand and yields small profit will be discontinued by business.The speaker argued that one trouble with price supports is that they are too high, they encourage production that is not needed.If farmers know they are going to get the support price(支持性价格，通过补贴等形式对农民保证农产品最低价格), they will produce all they can without regard for what the market will actually take.THE SUBWAY(Tom Wolfe)In a way, of course, the subway is the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New York.There is a sense of madness and disorientation at almost every express stop.The ceilings are low, the vistas are long, there are no landmarks, the lightning is an eerie blend of fluorescent tubing, electric light bulbs and neon advertising.The whole place is a gross assault on the senses(感官).The noise of the trains stopping or rounding curves has a high-pitched harshness that is difficult to describe.People feel no qualms about pushing whenever it becomes crowded.Your tactile sense(触觉)takes a crucifying you never dreamed possible.The odors become unbearable when the weather is warm.Between platforms, record shops broadcast 45 r.p.m records with metallic tones and lunch counters serve the kind of hot dogs in which you bite through a tensile, rubbery surface and then hit a soft, oleaginous center like cottonseed meal, and the customers sit there with pastry and bread flakes caked around their mouths, belching to themselves so that their cheeks pop out flatulently now and then.Cake（使）结块，（使）凝结 a cake of soap一块肥皂 shoes caked with mud粘结了泥块的鞋

The underground spaces seem to attract every eccentric passion.A small and ancient man with a Bible, an American flag and a megaphone haunts（vt.常去，常到）the subways of Manhattan.He opens the Bible and quotes from it in a strong but old and monotonous voice.He uses the megaphone at express stops, where the noise is too great for his voice to be heard ordinarily, and calls for redemption.Also beggars.And among the beggars New York’s status competition is renewed, there in the much-despised subway.On the Seventh Avenue IRT line the competition is maniacal.Some evenings the beggars ricochet off one another between stops, calling one another—s and –-s and telling each other to go find their own-----car.A mere blind man with a cane and a cup is mediocre business.What is demanded is entertainment.Two boys, one of them with a bongo drum, get on and the big boy, with the drum, starts beating on it as soon as the train starts up, and the little boy goes into what passes for a native dance.Then, if there is room, he goes into a tumbling act.He runs from one end of the car, first in the direction the train is going, and does a complete somersault in the air, landing on his feet.Then he runs back the other way and does a somersault in the air, only this time against the motion of the train He does this several times both ways, doing some native dancing in between.This act takes so long that it can be done properly only over a long stretch, such as the run between 42nd Street and 72nd Street.After the act is over, the boys pass along the car with Dixie cups, asking for contributions.Since nylon[nailon] is unaffected by mold(霉菌), fungus(真菌), and moisture(潮湿), it was useful during World War Ⅱ in making equipment for jungle fighting.In attaining one’s objectives, subtle direction is often more effective than brute force.Men will yield to persuasion when they would resist coertion.Each year textbooks become shorter and at the same time convey more solid(印刷，行间的)密排的 information.Their authors tend increasingly toward compactness(紧密,坚实,压缩,简洁).If the battle is hard, victory is all the more(更加，越发)glorious.It is the difficulty of obtaining something that gives the thing its value.He had a delicate(精致柔弱的；要求悉心处置的，难处理的；考虑周到，为他人着想的)dislike of offending other men’s opinions.He dealt with them tenderly.This is a somewhat delicate subject.这是个有点敏感的话题 American cities, with few exceptions, resemble each other greatly.It is true that some of them may be constructed chiefly of wood, while others are chiefly brick, but in every other respect they are markedly uniform.Why do fashions occur in the first place? One reason is that in some cultures, like ours, values change: what is new is good.Thus in many modern societies clothing styles change yearly, while people in traditional societies may wear the same style of clothing for many generations.Many industries promote quick changes in fashions to increase their sales.Fashions are stimulated, too, by the quest for prestige and social mobility(社会地位的流动).Although a new style occasionally originates from lower-status groups, as blue jeans did, most fashions trickle down from the top.Upper-class people adopt some style or artifact as a badge(标记,象征,徽章)of their status, but they cannot monopolize垄断，独占 most status symbols for long.The style or object adopted by the middle-class may be copied and modified for use by lower-status groups, providing people wit(vt,vi,知道n.智力，才智)the prestige of possessing a high-status symbol.By trickling down, however, the symbol eventually loses its prestige.The upper-class adopts a new style, until too ―trickled down‖ and must be replaced by another.Education was the key to upward social mobility.教育是提高社会地位的关键 Trickle down(尤指钱经国家经济体制)由富人向贫者滴流 If the wealthy pay less tax, the benefits should trickle down to people on lower incomes.如富人减少纳税，低收入者应该可以受惠。“滴入论，垂滴论”富者愈富应该能惠及贫者，如提供更多工作机会。Early aviation engineers found they could increase the speed of an airplane by streamlining its shape.Compared with large aircraft, small airplanes are not as streamlined and hence are less efficient.Even though relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs servicing infrequently.Many a person who lives in New York thinks that life in a large city offers special advantages.Not all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground;some of it is lost through evaporation.Dogs possess hearing and smelling abilities superior to those of their owners.This very interesting novel has only one fault.I mention this fault without fear of offending the author, for obviously on writer is infallible[in’f※libl]一贯正确的 Although we are tolerant in allowing men of genius to have eccentricities of behavior, we don’t think of such behavior as necessary or advantageous.A true genius is himself ashamed of being too different and does not try to set himself apart from other people by whimsical peculiarities.Human curiosity has no stopping point.When it finds an answer to a question, it seeks an explanation for the answer.It accepts no primary principles that govern the universe;rather, it seeks something still prior in the order of nature.There are a few persons whose views of the future prospects of this project are gloomy.But they are certainly in the minority.The prevailing atmosphere is one of optimism, for many recent developments point to the workability of the project.It has always been dangerous to teach men new ideas contradictory to those generally accepted.The first men who taught that the earth is round were persecuted.The governing principle of our age is accumulation, and that which is profited is used to gain more profit.Even in the pursuit of knowledge this is so;for knowledge is sought for its own sake and employed for its own increase.The human vocal apparatus器械,装置,设备[解器官 is equipped to produce only a certain number of sounds.A comparison of any two languages will reveal sounds that are similar.A respect for accuracy is necessary to the building of character.A child must learn to discriminate 辨别区别歧视排斥between the possibly justifiable可证明为正当的,情有可原的,无可非议的 action and the absolutely correct action.Hence, it is more essential that a child be taught mathematics than philosophy, for the former provides training in exactness of performance.A good speaker varies his speed of delivery to match the significance of his oratory演讲.Slow speech is appropriate for the important ideas, but the less weighty material should be disposed of rather speedily.It is important that with variety of material there should be variety of tempo速度拍子节奏 The Origins of the Romance Languages The Romance languages of today came originally from Latin, which was the official language of the Roman Empire.As the Empire spread gradually across a great part of Europe, Latin was introduced everywhere as the official language of government and administration.Spoken Latin was consistent from one area to another in the early days of the Empire.But later, when the Empire began to fall apart, the Roman administrators began to disappear.Gradually, the Latin of each region began to develop in its own way.Separated from each other by great distances and naturally influenced by the speech of the local people, each area slowly developed its own distinctive characteristics to the point where separate languages were formed.The modern Romance languages include the national languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Rumanian.Catalan, Provencal, Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinia, and Moldavian are regional Romance languages, limited in use to smaller areas within inpidual countries.In every society there are norms that tell inpiduals how they are supposed to behave.The conflict between romantic dreams and harsh reality has been the theme of many great novels.In informal situations, we often overgeneralize from the facts.For example:‖She is never on time‖;―Advertising is only a pack of lies.‖ A little consideration shows us that in reality all-or-none, black-or-white situations are rare;reality is more accurately described in terms of finer shadings and degrees.A person can learn to operate a camera successfully without knowing much about the science of optics.By the same token, he can become a good marksman神枪手 without a knowledge of ballistics弹道学.Knowledge and pleasure are inextricably interlocked.It is impossible for us to learn what we don’t enjoy, and we cannot enjoy that which does not impart learning.One consequence of wind action is that large areas are frequently ―leveled off‖, for wind tends to move loose material from higher places and deposit it in depressions沮丧;抑郁;凹,地坑.Rainwater collects in shallow depressions in the ground.雨水积聚在地上的浅坑里

As we become fatigued, it is necessary to narrow our field of attention in order to avoid decreased efficiency at a particular task.On a long automobile trip, the good driver gradually ceases to carry on a conversation.Ice erosion has played less part than has water erosion in changing the contours of the earth’s surface because the activity of ice erosion, both temporally and spatially, has been more restricted.If we are to improve the quality of this writing, we must do more than merely criticized it.We must explain why we do so.Inferior work is most effectively remedied when we know why it is poor.That night a blizzard commenced开始, increasing in fury from moment to moment.They now found that the place chosen for the hut for shelter was more than useless.They had far better have built it in the open, for the fierce wind, instead of striking them directly, was deflected on to them in furious whirling gusts.Heavy blocks of snow and rock placed on the roof were blown away and the canvas ballooned up, tearing and straining at its securings---its disappearance could only be a matter of time.Inside the hut they waited for the roof to vanish, wondering what they could do if it went, and vainly endeavoring to make it secure.After fourteen hours it went, as they were trying to pin down one corner.The smother of snow was upon them, and they could only pe for their sleeping bags with a gasp;all were silent for a night and half a day while the wind howled on;the snow entered every chink and crevice of the sleeping bags, and the occupants shivered and wondered how it would all end.Then, when everything is lined up安排就绪, I bound out of bed跳下床 and have lunch.I find that a good, heavy lunch, with some sort of glutinous dessert, is good preparation for the day’s work as it keeps one from getting nervous and excitable.We workers must keep cool and calm, otherwise we would just throw away our time in jumping about and fidgeting.It has been said that science appeals to the intellect and art to the emotions.Is music then art or science? Perhaps it is all things to all people.Some people’s appreciation of music is purely intellectual.They listen for form and techniques of composition and execution.To them music is primarily science.A whirling body tends to fly away from the center.The heavier the body is, the greater is this tendency.This is the principle on which the cream separator works.Since the cream is heavier than skim milk脱脂奶, it is drawn off at the edges.When man’s physical needs are satisfied, his possible desires increase immeasurably.By the introduction of labor-saving devices and machinery, and thus the creation of leisure time, man is able to use his energy to want new articles and activities.Then, production can be expanded to fill wants that were previously nonexistent.Liberal education has achieved its goal if its recipients are able to distinguish between factual validity and attractive speciousness, between the frankly natural and the merely vulgar, between sentimentality and honest emotion.Any man who not only has been exposed to, but has assimilated吸收,同化 a truly liberal education, can be expected to possess an intelligent and discriminating有辨别能力的;区别对待的 mind.discriminating duties差别关税 If a work of art is to be deemed great by successive generations, it must embody those characteristics of form which all mankind recognizes as the most harmonious.deem:认为,相信 deem highly of对…给予高度评价 embody:体现;使具体化;包含,收录 The new edition embodies many improvements.One of the most distinctive marks of our way of life is our moral interpretation of success and failure.We insist upon seeing a direct relationship between what we do and what we get.Success, to us, is the desert of those who attain it rather than a matter of birthright生来就有的权力,长子继承权;failure is the penalty for falling below the ethical standard.We have equated success with virtue.desert :.功过,应得的赏罚;美德 obtain one’s deserts得到应有的赏罚 Are artists more creative than other people? Maybe, maybe not.The profession of an artist is not the only one that requires creativity.Scientists, mathematicians, writers, teachers, business executives, doctors, lawyers, librarians, computer programmers---people in every line of work, if they are any good, look for ways to be creative.The football coach who invents a new play is being creative, as is the plumber who devises设计,发明 an innovative way to prevent the washing machine from leaking.Artists occupy a special place in that 既然,因为they have devoted their lives to opening the channels of visual creativity.The Aims of Education Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling.Scraps of information have nothing to do with it.A merely well-informed man is the most useless bore令人讨厌的人 on God’s earth.What we should aim at producing is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction.Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art.We have to remember that the valuable intellectual development is self-development, and that it mostly takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty.As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve.As saying due to Archbishop Temple illustrates my meaning.Surprise was expressed at the success in after-life of a man, who as a boy a Rugby had been somewhat undistinguished.He answered, ―It is not what they are at eighteen, it is what they become afterwards that matters.‖

In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must beware of what I will call ―inert ideas‖—that is to say, ideas that are merely received into the mind without being utilized, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations.In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a ferment of genius, in a succeeding generation exhibit merely pedantry卖弄学问迂腐 and routine.Although the early legends are not statements of fact, they are of very great value to the world as being illustrative of the spirit, the manners and customs, the religious beliefs, and other characteristics of the race from which they originated.The value of folklore is not to be measured by its fidelity to literal facts.Roots of Freedom Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom.Before that there was no freedom.There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere.Egypt, Babylon, Nineveh, were all tyrannies, one immensely powerful man ruling over helpless masses, and a time came when the Athenians were led by a great man who did not want to be powerful.Absolute obedience to the ruler was what the leaders of the empires insisted on.Athens said no, there must never be absolute obedience to a man except in war.There must be willing obedience to what is good for all.Pericles, the great Athenian statesman, said :‖ We are a free government, but we obey the laws, more especially those which protect the oppressed, and the unwritten laws which, if broken bring shame.‖ Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together.They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be intolerable except to a hermit隐士 in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted.A man was free if he was self-controlled.To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom.They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair.Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was imposed on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety.The creed of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.This was the conception that underlay the lofty reach of Greek genius.

第二篇：知识积累

一“ 然”氏家族公告

一切照旧用仍然 清楚明白用了然 表示转折用虽然 坚强不屈用傲然 坚决果断用断然 正大刚直用浩然 恐惧不安用惶然 意料之中用果然 毫不动摇用毅然 不知所措用茫然 寂静无声用悄然 心情安定用泰然 心情平静用坦然 通达开阔用豁然 恭敬有加用肃然 忽然醒悟用恍然 疑虑消失用释然 出乎意料用竟然 界限分明用截然 整齐有序用井然 白费心机用枉然 笑得很美用嫣然 安稳无虑用安然 神情发呆用木然 高大雄伟用巍然 悠闲自得用悠然 喜悦愉快用欣然 声音巨大用轰然 气氛洋溢用盎然 仰头挺胸用昂然 书犹药也，善读可以医愚； 书好象一帖清醒剂，多读可以使糊涂的大脑清爽； 书犹如一盏明灯，让你在茫茫迷雾中找到大路； 成语分类

（一）一、含两对反义词的

深入浅出 大同小异 出生入死 前俯后仰 南来北往 阳奉阴违

二、含一近一反

洋洋自得飘飘然 严肃敬畏用凛然

二、“立”的多种意思与应用

屹立：山峰高耸的样子 矗立：高耸地立着 挺立：直立 耸立：高高地直立 伫立：长时间恭敬地立着 兀立：高耸、突出

三、“静”的多种组合

宁静的夜晚 恬静的脸上 寂静的晚上 安静的教室 雅静的房间 幽静的山林 僻静的山村 冷静的头脑平静的语气 文静的姑娘 幽静的小路 镇静地面对

四、“烈” 的多种组合

激烈的战斗 剧烈的疼痛 猛烈的炮火 强烈的光线 热烈的掌声 壮烈地牺牲

五、“优”的妙用

优越的条件 优厚的待遇 优质的服务 优秀的品质 优惠的价格 优异的成绩 优生的孩子 优良的秩序 优良的作风 优美的舞姿

六、对对子

愚公移山----精卫填海 画饼充饥----望梅止渴 缘木求鱼----守株待兔 心中有鬼----目中无人 追本穷源----寻根究底 风吹草动----水滴石穿 锦上添花----雪中送炭 化险为夷----遇难呈祥 不劳而获----自食其力 无源之水----无本之木 攻其不备----出其不意 刻舟求剑-----掩耳盗铃 流芳百世----遗臭万年 祸不单行----福无双至 落井下石----过诃拆桥 国泰民安----人寿年丰 苦中作乐----死里逃生 柿子拣软的捏——山芋拣硬的拿 菜刀越磨越快——文章越写越精 七 关于书的比喻

源泉——“爱书吧，它是你知识的源泉。”（高尔基）面包——“我扑在书籍上，像饥饿的人扑在面包上一样。”（高尔基）阶梯——“书是人类进步的阶梯。”（高尔基）良药——“书犹药也，善读者可以医愚。”

阳光——“生活里没有书籍，就好象没有阳光。”（莎士比亚）营养品——“书籍是全世界的营养品。”（莎士比亚）高尚的人——“读一本好书，就是与许多高尚的人谈话。”（歌德）朋友——“书籍犹如朋友，必须慎重选择。”（黑德斯）（凯勒）

船只——“一本书像一艘船带领我们从狭隘的地方，驶向无限的生活海洋。”

一、关于信息

医生说：信息就是生命的药方。教育家说：信息就是知识。哲学家说：信息就是智慧的真谛。经济学家说：信息就是效益。信息就是价值。军事家说：信息就是最先进的武器。

二、关于金钱的作用与缺陷

金钱可以买到房屋，但是买不到家庭； 金钱可以买到药物，但是买不到健康；金钱可以买到书本，但是买不到知识； 金钱可以买到顺从，但是买不到忠诚； 钱可以买到珠宝，但是买不到高尚的品德；

三、关于树林

人类学家说：树林是人类的乐园； 生物学家说：树林是生命的摇篮； 医学学家说：树林是绿色的疗养院； 艺术学家说：树林是大自然的美容师 经济学家说：树林是绿色的银行；

四、关于书籍

欢天喜地 顶天立地 开天辟地 瞻前顾后 思前想后 天长地久 左顾右盼 南辕北辙 南征北战 东张西望

三、两对近义词

聚精会神 披荆斩棘 乘风破浪 漫山遍野 奇花异草

四、关于人体的有趣比喻

心腹：指亲信的人 心血：指心思和精力 心肠：对事物的感情状态 心胸：指人的气量

心脏：事物的中心 心肝：对最心爱的人的称呼 手足：兄弟或姐妹情意 手头：钱的多少 五、三字惯用语

半吊子 长舌妇 出气筒 刺儿头 大手笔 低能儿 飞毛腿 贱骨头 教唆犯 老油子 马前卒 炮筒子

三只手 万金油 现世宝 耳边风 口头禅 父母官 门外汉

无底洞六、三字成语：步后尘 破天荒 杀风景 眼中钉 马前卒 安乐窝 东道主 恶作剧

一、表达方式及表达的效果

比喻：形象、生动，让人有身临其境的感受。拟人：形象、传神，使描写的事物更逗人喜爱。排比：句式整齐，结构相似，气势磅礴，使读者精神振奋，有较强的说服力。夸张：形象、生动，给人留下深刻的印象。设问：引起注意，使人难忘。

反问：加强语气，说服力更强。衬托：从侧面描写，使所描写的事物更突出。

二、表达的顺序

1、时间顺序

2、事情发展的顺序

3、地点变换的顺序

三、记叙方式

倒叙：先点出事情的结果，再说原因，引起读者的兴趣。插叙：在叙述的过程中插入别的内容。起补充说明的作用。

四、说明方法

1、举例 2 打比方（比喻）

3、数据说明 4、形象描述法

5、对比

六、“静”的多种组合

宁静的夜晚 恬静的脸上 寂静的晚上 安静的教室 雅静的房间 幽静的山林 僻静的山村 冷静的头脑平静的语气 文静的姑娘 幽静的小路 镇静地面对

七、“烈” 的多种组合

激烈的战斗 剧烈的疼痛 猛烈的炮火 强烈的光线 热烈的掌声 壮烈地牺牲 电视塔耸立在山上。

伟大的祖国屹立在世界的东方。

人们伫立在周总理的塑像前久久不愿离去。一排排白杨树像持枪挺立的哨兵。桂林的山怪石嶙峋，危峰兀立。华山矗立在我国的西北。

一、关于书的作用

读史使人明智； 演算使人聪慧； 哲理使人深刻； 伦理学使人有修养； 逻辑、修辞使人长于思辩。

二、中华民族的传统节日与古诗句

正月初一春节：爆竹声中一岁除，东风送暖入屠苏。正月十五元宵节：去年元夜时，花市灯如昼。清明节前的寒食节：春城无处不飞花，寒食东风御柳斜。四月五日清明节：清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。五月初五端午节： 七月初七是七夕节：天街夜色凉如水，卧看牵牛织女星。

八月十五中秋节：但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。九月九日重阳节：遥知兄弟登高处，遍插茱萸少一人。腊月三十是除夕：千门万户瞳瞳日，总把新桃换旧符。

三、我国及世界的一些节日

一月一日是元旦 三月八日妇女节 三月十二植树节 五月一日劳动节 六月一日儿童节 七月一日共产党的生日 八月一日建军节 九月十日教师节 十月一日国庆节

四、“第一”的美称

冠军 榜首 夺魁 熬头 状元

五、音乐伟人的美称

乐圣贝多芬 音乐神童莫扎特 交响乐之父海顿 圆舞曲之父老施特劳斯 圆舞曲之王小施特劳 六、七大洲和四大洋

亚洲 欧洲 非洲 北美洲 南美洲 大洋州 南极洲 四大洋 太平洋 大西洋 印度洋 北冰洋

七、中国四大民间传说

《牛郎织女》 《孟姜女寻夫》 《白蛇传》 《梁三伯与祝英台》 八、四大文明古国

中国 古巴比伦 古印度 古埃及

一、“论语”佳句精选

知之为知之，不知为不知是知也。三人行，必有我师焉，择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。敏而好学，不耻下问。岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。人无远虑，必有近忧。己所不欲，勿施与人。问故而知新，可以为师焉。学而不厌，诲人不倦。小不忍，则乱大谋。

二、汉语基本句型

陈述句：他是中国人。疑问句：他是中国人吗？ 否定句：他不是中国人。反问句：他怎么可能不是中国人呢？ 双重否定句：他不可能不是中国人。设问句：他是中国人吗？当然。祁使句：请把门打开。

三、关于手的成语

形容敏捷——眼疾手快 形容聪颖——心灵手巧 形容高兴——手舞足蹈 形容勤奋——手不释卷

形容凶狠——心狠手辣 形容顺利——得心应手 形容卑鄙——不择手段 形容高明——妙手回春

形容利索——手脚麻利 形容惊慌——手忙脚乱 形容冷漠——袖手旁观 形容专横——一手遮天

形容无能——束手就擒 形容亲密——情同手足

三、歇后语

中秋节的月亮——正大光明 五月的石榴——越开越红 老鼠啃书——咬文嚼字 按别人的尺码买鞋——生搬硬套 盖了三年的破被子——老套子 针尖对麦芒——针锋相对 墙上挂门帘——没门 民航局开业——有机可乘 墙头上睡觉——难翻身 见了小偷叫爸爸——认贼作父 墙上画虎——吃不了人 洗衣机里的衣服——纠缠不清 墙上栽葱——扎不了根 麻线穿豆腐——提不起来 聋子放鞭炮——为他人着想（响）石头脑瓜子——不开窍 井底雕花——深刻 三天绣一朵花真（针）慢 买鱼放生——菩萨心肠 三伏天喝凉水——浑身痛快 八月的苦瓜——心里红

红鸡蛋里找骨头——无事生非 哑巴受奖——喜在心头 孔夫子拜师——不耻下问 案板上的鱼肉——任人宰割 穿钉鞋拄拐杖——步步踏实 东郭先生救狼——好心不得好报 黄连树下弹琴——苦中作乐 理发师的徒弟——从头学起 高山上点灯-_____远见 擀面杖吹火_____一窍不通 砌墙的砖头______后来居上 打半边鼓___旁敲侧击 叶公好龙_____口是心非 画蛇添足___多此一举 掩耳盗铃______自欺欺人 以卵击石____-自不量力 高射炮打蚊子_____大材小用 姜太公钓鱼——愿者上钩 拔节的竹笋——天天向上 十字路口逢亲人——巧遇 腊月的萝卜——动（冻）了心 过年娶媳妇——双喜临门 老鼠爬进书箱里——咬文嚼字 穿没底的鞋——脚踏实地 窗户口吹喇叭——名声在外 咸菜煮豆腐——不必多（盐）言 老太太住高楼——上下两难 眉毛胡子一把抓——不分主次 玻璃窗里看戏——一眼看透 铁路上的火车——各行其道 芝麻里找绿豆——小中见大 千里送鹅毛——礼轻情义重 闭着眼睛哼曲子——心里有谱

满腹经纶 学富五车 循循善诱 举一反三（数学老师）能言善辩 出口成章 文思如泉 才华横溢（语文老师）无微不至 和蔼可亲 春风化雨 循循善诱（班主任）

二、名言与谚语 珍惜时间的：

光阴似箭，日月如梭。花有重开日，人无再少年。黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。一日之计在于晨，一年之记在于春，一生之记在于勤。莫等闲，白了少年头，空悲切。少年易学老难成，一寸光阴不可轻。爱国的：

宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。利于国者爱之，害于国者恶之。捐躯赴国难，视死忽如归。为人处世的：

火要空心，人要实心。好事多做，恶事莫为。不怕人有错，就怕不改过。树直用处多，人直朋友多。茄子不开虚花，真人不说假花。善不可失，恶不可长。记人之善，忘人之过。君子成人之美，不成人之恶。天气方面的：

朝虹雨，夕虹晴。有雨山戴帽，无雨山没腰。朝霞不出门，万霞行千里。关于苦练的：

不经一番彻骨寒，怎得梅花扑鼻香。滴水能把石穿透，万事功到自然成。虚心万事能成，自满十事九空。日日行，不怕千万里；常常做，不怕千万事。关于虚心与胸襟宽广的：

愿乘风破万里浪，甘面壁读十年书。与有肝胆人共事，从无字句处读书。虚心竹有低头叶，傲骨梅无仰面花。

海纳百川，有容乃大。壁立千仞，无欲则刚。关于多练习、多实践的：

好记性不如烂笔头。站在岸上学不会游泳。三天不念口生，三天不做手生。关于学习要多思、多问的：

学如逆水行舟，不进则退。为学患无乙疑，疑则进也。知不足者好学，耻下问者自满。知之为知之，不知为不知。善学者，假人之长以补其短。

第三篇：知识积累doc

语文知识积累：

1、写人的外貌的：虎头虎脑

貌美如花，眉清目秀 容光焕发

冰肌玉骨 冰清玉洁 沉鱼落雁

２、写人的心理的：百感交集 忧心忡忡 闷闷不乐 胆战心惊 悔恨交加

提心吊胆

忐忑不安 ３、写人物动作的：身手敏捷、动如脱兔 大步流星、昂首挺胸，手舞足蹈、张牙舞爪、４、描写人物神态的： 呆若木鸡、目瞪口呆、全神贯注、聚精会神，眉飞色舞、张口结舌眉开眼笑、５、描写人物心情的：举棋不定，忐忑不安、心急如焚、七上八下、六神无主、心神不定 ６、写听的词语：危言耸听 洗耳恭听 唯命是听 道听途说 耳视目听 耳听八方 耳听心受

７、写看的词语：昂首望天

迟疑观望 登高望远

东观西望

东瞧西望东张西望

观望不前 ８、写说的成语：花言巧语、甜言蜜语、绘声绘色、妙语连珠、滔滔不绝、老生常谈

９、写天气的： 万里无云

艳阳高照 阴雨连绵 寒冬腊月

秋风送爽

乌云密布 寒风刺骨 落雪纷飞 １０、写景色的：春风满面

春光明媚

春回大地 春风夏雨 春生夏长 冬日夏云 三冬二夏

青山绿水、山青水秀、湖光山色、江山如画、春暖花开、春雨绵绵、桃红李白、百花争艳、春光明媚、桃红柳绿、蜂飞蝶舞、春意盎然、万紫千红、万物复苏、含苞欲放、花枝招展

11、含反义词的成语：东张西望.南腔北调.前因后果.左顾右盼..摇头摆尾 天造地设 冰天雪地

12、带数字的成语：七拼八凑 半斤八两

千变万化 万紫千红 千辛万苦 七零八落 三年五载 悲喜交 11 含动物的成语：马捉老鼠：马捉老鼠 气壮如牛

虎党狗友 狡兔三窟 龙飞凤舞龙潭虎穴 骇龙 12 含有两个动物名称的： 鹤立鸡群 狼吞虎咽

蛛丝马迹 龙争虎斗 鸡犬不宁 龙飞凤舞含有昆虫名称的成语 ：飞蛾扑火 金蝉脱壳

蛛丝马迹

螳螂捕蝉 黄雀在后 蜻蜓点水 寓言故事做成语：守株待兔 刻舟求剑 亡羊补牢 自相矛盾 负荆请罪 掩耳盗铃

画龙点睛 对联： 有山皆图画，无水不文章。一畦春韭绿，十里稻花香。一水护田将绿绕，两山排闼送青来。清风明月本无价，近水遥山皆有情。雾锁山头山锁雾，天连水尾水连天。松竹梅岁寒三友，桃李杏春风一家。窗前莺共语，帘外燕双飞。歇后语：大葱拌豆腐——一清（青）二白 咸菜煎豆腐——有言（盐）在先

外甥打灯笼——照旧（舅）

十文钱掉了一文－－久闻（九文）

十五的月光－－大量（亮）咸菜煎豆腐——有言（盐）在先 一层布做的夹袄－－反正都是理（里）

十文钱掉了一文－－久闻（九文）

十五的月光－－大量（亮）俗语

比上不足，比下有余.便宜没好货，好货不便宜.兵来将挡，水来土掩。冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。.病从口入，祸从口出。不比不知道，一比吓一跳.。大路朝天，各走半边。地在人种，事在人为 ． １４、珍惜时间的名言：少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。三更灯火五更鸡，正是男儿读书时。黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。人生百年几今日，今日不为真可惜！

１４、写景的诗： 春题湖上【唐】白居易 湖上春来似画图，乱峰围绕水平铺。松排山面千重翠，月点波心一颗珠。春题湖上【唐】白居易 湖上春来似画图，乱峰围绕水平铺。松排山面千重翠，月点波心一颗珠。夏日晚望 【唐】贯休 登临聊一望，不觉意恞然。陶侃寒溪寺，如今何处边。汀沙生旱雾，山火照平川。终事东归去，干戈满许田。

夏日晚望 【唐】贯休 登临聊一望，不觉意恞然。陶侃寒溪寺，如今何处边。汀沙生旱雾，山火照平川。终事东归去，干戈满许田。

夏日晚望 【唐】贯休 登临聊一望，不觉意恞然。陶侃寒溪寺，如今何处边。汀沙生旱雾，山火照平川。终事东归去，干戈满许田。

边上晚秋【唐】杜牧 黑山南面更无州，马放平沙夜不收。风送孤城临晚角，一声声入客心愁。

冬深 【唐】杜甫 花叶随天意，江溪共石根。早霞随类影，寒水各依痕。易下杨朱泪，难招楚客魂。风涛暮不稳，舍棹宿谁门。

15、写友情的诗：与君离别意,同是宦游人.海内存知己,天涯若比邻.无为在歧路,儿女共沾巾.16、写雪的：西山白雪三城戍，南浦清江万里桥。写雨的：清明时节雨纷纷 天街小雨润如稣

17、含哲理的诗句： 好花不常开，好景不长在，人在少年时，抓紧把书爱。欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来。人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺。人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺。

18、特殊形式的词语：1 ABB

2AABB

3ABAB

4ABCC

5ABAC AABC

19、教育成长名言：

1、把美德、善行传给你的孩子们，而不是留下财富，只有这样才能给他们带来幸福。

2、即使是普通孩子，只要教育得法，也会成为不平凡的人。

3、我相信，不论孩子将来从事哪一种事业，都应当从小做起。

4、活教育教人变活，死教育教人变死。

5、培养人，就是培养他对前途的希望。

6、最重要的教育方法总是鼓励学生去实际行动。

20、本册中每课的解词复习，该背的课文复习检查。各种类型的题型练习。语文园地中的内容复习，做考试卷。

21、学习的名言：1人永远是要学习的。死的时候，才是毕业的时候。2苦学能够战胜一切，学问的宫殿不分贫富都可以进去。2学不可以已3活着就要学习，学习不是为了活着。4少而好学，如日出之阳；壮而好学，如日中之光；老而好学，如秉烛之光。5人的一生或许是一个不间断的学习过程，但无需在学校完成。6学习这件事不在于有没有人教你，最重要的是在你自己有没有觉悟和恒心。

第四篇：知识积累

知识积累：

探究实验试题：联系所学过的知识和技能，进行知识的类比、迁移、重组，全面细致的思考才能正确作答。

一、探究性实验的一般思路

提出假设---------实验探究-----得出结论

1、准确地把握实验目的

2、利用已学知识，分析如何实现这个目的-----实验原理

3、结合实验材料，初步确定涉及对策---实验方案

1、对未知产物的探究

某课外兴趣小组为了探究铁与硫在隔绝空气的条件下反应所得固体M的成分，设计了如右图装置。倾斜A使稀硫酸(足量)与固体M充分反应，待反应停止后，B装置增重，C装置中溶液无变化，反应后进入量气管气体的体积为VmL（已折算成标准状况）

由上述实验事实可知：

（1）①固体M中一定有的物质是______________(填化学式)理由是_______________ ②其中一种物质的质量可以确定为___________g(用代数式表示)。（2)B装置的名称是________。

写出B装置中反应的离子方程式_______________________________________。

（3)C装置的作用是_________________________，如果实验中没有B装置，则C装置中产生的现象是_________________________________________。（4)稀硫酸和固体M反应后溶液中还残留淡黄色固体，该固体是_____________,要分离出该固体，在实验操作中，除烧杯外还需要用到的玻璃仪器是_____________。

（5）通过进一步实验，测得固体M中各种成分的质量之和小于反应前铁粉和硫粉的质量之和，产生这种现象的原因可能是_____________

a．M中有未反应的铁和硫

b．测定气体体积时水准管的水面高于量气管的水面

c．A中留有反应生成的气体

d．气体进入D装置前未用浓硫酸干燥

参考答案：(1)①FeS、Fe B装置增重、量气管有气体。②

V/11200

(2)洗气瓶

2OH-+H2S → 2H2O+S2--

(3)证明H2S已被完全吸收黑色沉淀

(4)硫漏斗、玻璃棒（5）b、C

【反思】通过化学反应原理猜测可能生成哪些物质，对这些物质的检验来推测出究竟含有哪些物质。虽然探究性实验主要考察学生的探究能力，但在问题的设置上常常半酣了对实验基础知识的考查。

第五篇：知识积累

知识积累

一、拼一拼，写一写。

yè mù jiàng lín nǔ lì hǎi zǎo xuán guà

()()()()gū jì nián líng céng jīng yí dàn()()()()

二、比一比，组词语。

暮（）散（）澡（）项（）幕（）撒（）藻（）顶（）

三、想一想，填一填。

（）的夜空（）的月光（）的景色（）的遐想（）的阳光（）的水藻（）的天空（）的月球（）的努力

四、照样子写词语。

黑沉沉 静悄悄（）（）（）（）

五、把下列诗句补充完整。

1、（），呼作白玉盘。

2、月来满地水，（）。

3、（），月是故乡明。

4、（），江静碧云天。

六、仔细阅读课文，回答问题。

课文列举了几个月球的不解之谜，想一想，你能找出来吗？

七、根据课文内容判断对错。

1、月球上满是尘土、岩石和环形山。（）

2、人类已经登上过月球。（）

3、月球表面全是水。（）

4、研究结果表明，月球上不可能出现过火山活动。（）发展练习快乐阅读

枣 树

春天来了，杨树、柳树都发芽了，惟独枣树在懒懒地睡懒觉。它一不出叶，二不开花，树干上爬满了密密的皱纹，像老人的脸；长满了小黑疙瘩的枝枝杈杈，静静地伸向天空。它默默无闻，长得一点儿也不起眼。

一直到四月，不几天就抽出了几片叶，那淡黄色的叶子在阳光下一闪一闪的，真是新鲜可爱。

接着枣树开花了，六个尖尖的花瓣，像是金黄的六角小星星。它能混在树叶中，散发出一阵阵清香，招来了许多蜜蜂。听大人说，枣花蜜还是上等蜜呢。

枣花一落，就长出枣来了，绿色的，像一粒糖豆豆，不太好吃。这小青枣，长得慢极了，老也不变红。

到了秋天，枣长大了，像麻雀蛋圆滚滚的，也变红了，像小玛瑙球，红亮亮的。远远望去，绿叶中缀满了一只只小“红灯笼”，真美呀！那脆生生的红枣一吃到嘴里，立刻就有一股甜味往嗓子眼里钻，把嗓子都刺痒了。

啊！枣树，春天到来时，你不像杨树、柳树那样的早早的就换了绿稠袍，争着比漂亮。但到了秋天，你却献给人类脆甜的果实。这种高尚的品质，真值得赞颂啊！

积 累

1、多音字组词

zuàn()zhǎng()钻 长

zuān()cháng()

2、找出短文中一个比喻句抄写下来。

3、联系上下文理解词语的意思。默默无闻：

赞颂： 感 悟

4、根据理解完成

短文是按照枣树的生长顺序写的，先写了枣树的（），接着写了枣树的（）。又写了枣树的（），最后写了枣树的（）。和（）、（）对比，赞美了枣树的高尚品质。

5、读了这篇短文，你有什么收获？

能力拓展

你还知道关于月球的其他知识吗？收集一下，与同学互相交流。