第一篇：英语各种从句的区别
在句子里做主语，宾语，表语的分别是主语，宾语，表语从句。修饰名词的是定语从句，相当于形容词。修饰整个句子，动词，形容词的是状语从句。
在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。
1，定语从句。
1）先行词是名词。
2）定语从句跟在名词后。是修饰名词的。
3）与中文顺序相反。
4）定语从句的组成是：连词+主+谓+宾。
5）连词在从句里可以作主语、宾语、状语等。
6）当先行词的名词表示人时，后面的连词用who+v/(whom)+s+v/whose+N+s+v.当先行词的名词表示物时，后面的连词用which/that ,whose.7）连词前可以有介词。
8）不许用what
1.All the people who work on a newspaper must be able to work fast.2.Corn is a useful plant which can be eaten by both people and animals.3.I have a friend whose cousin is a tennis player.4.The boy lived in a part of town where there were no schools.5.During the hurricane, one of the tree branches broke the bed in which the girl had been sleeping.II.名词从句。起名词作用。=名词
1.主语从句。
1）在主语位置上。
2）组成：连词+主语+谓语+宾语
3）连词不可省
4）不许用if
When we’ll go to school is still a question.2.宾语从句。
1）在宾语位置上。在动词后。
2）组成：（连词）+主语+谓语+宾语
3）连词可省
The doctor asked the patient what he had had for lunch.3.表语从句。
1）在表语位置上。在系/be动词后。
2）组成：连词+主语+谓语+宾语
3）连词不可省
4）不许用if
He lost his key.The reason is that he was too careless.4.同位语从句。
1）在名词后。说明名词的内容。2）组成：名词+[连词+主语+谓语+宾语] 3）连词不可省
4)只用that, when, where, why。不用which.5)只有一些词才用。请看Unit17.The news that our team won the game made us happy.III.状语从句。连词+主语+谓语+宾语
1.时间状语从句。
When I was away, my son looked after the dog.2.地点状语从句。
Put the book where it is.3.原因状语从句。
He was late, because he didn’t catch the bus.4.条件状语从句。
If it’s fine, we’ll go to the park.5.让步状语从句。
Although I’m tired, I’m very happy.6.目的状语从句。
We got up early so that we could get there on time.7.结果状语从句.I was so frightened that I couldn’t say a word.1、分析句子结构以区虽从句的种类 遇到一个复合句，首先要分析其句子结构，看从句在整个句子中起什么作用，那么它就是什么从句。
2、分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类 that这个词即是引导同位语从句，又可引导定语从句，这种两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似，如何区分呢？ 区分that引导的是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是，看that在从句中是否充当句子成分，若that在从句中不充当任何成分，则为同位语从句；若that在从句中充当主语或宾语，则为定语从句。
3、根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类 定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词，如：the film；the student；the book；a house等等。而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的名词，如fact、idea、promise、truth等，用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容。状语从句在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词。
4、根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类 宾语从句分两种：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句。宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词。定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的，所以其前一定是一个名词或代词。
5、根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类 如so that即可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句，如何区分呢？主要从以下两点来区分。①根据上下文意义判断。“以便„„”表示目的，是目的状语从句，“以致于„„”，“结果„„”表示结果，是结果状语从句。②从结构形式上来分辨。so that前有逗号，为结果状语从句，反之，则为目的状语从句。有时，so that前无逗号，这里要看从句中有无can、could、may、might、will、would、should 等情态动词，如果有，则多是目的状语从句，若没有，则多是结果状语从句。
第二篇：英语从句[定稿]
英语从句
复杂句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。
从句的分类：
名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性从句：通常称为定语从句。
副词性从句：通常称为状语从句。包括：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从古、让步状语从句。
一、名词性从句：
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句
1.1主语从句：
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么还不清楚。
如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。
What I say and think are none of your business.That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：It + be + 形容词+ that从句
It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is true that the sun is bigger than the earth。
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question./ 10 1.2宾语从句：
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，例如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。I want to know what he has told you.1.3表语从句：
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+ 系动词+ that从句。The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.常见的系动词： be动词（am，is，are），感官动词（feel，look，smell，sound，taste，seem），“变得”（get，become，turn，grow），“保持”（keep，stay）
1.4同位语从句：
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。
二、定语从句(初级篇)：
2.1定语从句，一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。被修饰/ 10 的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系代词包括：that、which、who、whom、whose。
关系副词在句中作状语。关系副词包括：when、where、why 2.2定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句 先行词：
指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词或句子。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。
关系词：关系词常有3个作用：
1.连接作用，连接主句和定语从句。
2.指代先行词。3.在定语从句中担当成分。
2.3关系代词：
2.3.1that(在从句中做主语或宾语)This is the desk that I borrow from my sister。This is the desk
I borrow the desk from my sister.The man that stands near Lucy comes from America.The man comes from America.the man stands near Lucy.2.3.2Which（在从句中做主语或宾语）
A prosperity which had never been seen before appears in the countryside。A prosperity had never been seen before.A prosperity appears in the countryside.The package which you are carrying is very beautiful.The package is very beautiful
You are carrying the package.2.3.3Who(在从句中做主语或宾语)Is he the man who wants to see you? Is he the man?
The man wants to see you.2.3.4Whom（在从句中做宾语）
Is he the man whom you want to see ? Is he the man?
You want to see the man.2.3.5Whose(在从句中做定语,翻译为谁的)/ 10 Please pass me the book whose cover is green.They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down 2.4 关系副词：
2.4.1 When(在从句中做时间状语,翻译为那时候)There comes a time when you have to make a choice.There comes a time you have to make a choice.I want to read this book in the morning when our memory is pretty good.I want to read this book in the morning
our memory is pretty good.2.4.2where(在从句中做地点状语,翻译为在那里)Dawan high school is a good school where I spend three years on study.Qingbaijiang is the place where I was born.2.4.3Why（在从句中做原因状语通常先行词是reason、explanation，翻译成为什么）
We don’t know the reason why he dosen’t come to school。She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.定语从句（高级篇）
一、限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句：
限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整
The book(that/ which)I am reading is very interesting.非限制性定语从句的作用是：不直接修饰先行词，只为先行词提供一些补充的信息，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开 I made a card for mom, who loves me most.My hometown is Beijing, which is the capital of China.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没理解我的意思，这使我心烦。
在非限定定语从句中，有时as也可用作关系代词，若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如： / 10 The boy has as much progress as we had expected.As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history.非限制性定语从句引导词：which、who、whom、whose、when、where、as（注意没有that）
My hometown is Beijing, which is the capital of China.My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.They went to London，where they lived for six months.As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history.二、“介词+关系代词”的结构：
1.“介词+ which”在关系分句中分别可作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when, where和why.如：
I still remember the day on which(= when)I first came to school.The factory in which(= where)I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。
2.“介词+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒装。如：
They arrived at a farm house, in front of which sat a small boy.他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。
I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上有一只鸟。3.“不定代词或数词+ of + which（指物）/whom（指人）”在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。如：
China has a lot of islands, one of which is Diaoyu.There are a lot of students here, none of whom like the film.4.“介词+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语。如： Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat? The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.5.“介词+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说明动作的执行者。如：
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是一个好猎手。/ 10 6.“名词+ of which”代替“whose +名词”在关系分句中作定语。如：
I saw some trees, the leaves of which(= whose leaves)were black with disease.我看见一些树，它们的叶子因害病而发黑。
He mentioned a book, the title of which(= whose title)I’ve forgotten.7.“介词+ which（指物）/whose（指人）”修饰后边的名词。如： It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就是那个男人，她从他的房间偷走地图。
8.“介词+ which +不定式”。此种用法多见于正文体中，相当于一个带有主语和谓语的定语从句。如：
She had only 1.87 with which to buy(= she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分钱，用这些钱她给丈夫吉姆买一件礼物。
三、.“as”用法：
1.“as”引导限制性定语从句
1.1.“such....as”
He is not such a fool as he looks.1.2.“the same....as”
This is the same book as I lost last week.(区分“the same...as”与“the same....that”：两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个。as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。举例：
This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。This is the same pen as I lost.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。1.3.“as...as”
As many children as came were given some cakes.2.“as”引导非限制性定语从句常用句式: As everyone knows,China is a beautiful country with a long history.as is said above 综上所述
as is known to all 众所周知
as is often the case 通常如此
as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的
四、关系代词that、which在很多情况下可以替换，特殊情况下不可替换。有六种情况只可用that而不用which:
（1）不定代词 anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little为先行词时；
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.（2）先行词为 the only, the very, the just时； / 10
He is the very that helped the girl out of the water.他从水中救起了那个女孩。（3）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词或最高级时；
The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twain.（4）先行词既有人又有物时；
He talked about the teachers and school that he visited.（5）当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复用that；
Who is the person that is standing at the gate?（6）关系代词作表语时；
He is not the man that he used to be.他以前不是这样的人。
有两中情况只用which不用that：
（1）当主句先行词后有介词时，用which。例：This is the one of which I'm speaking。（2）非限定性定语从句，用which。
五、定语从句只能“that”引导的情况：
1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。
This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。
The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.3、先行词是不定代词时，如“all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something”
This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.4.、先行词既有人又有物时
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
5、先行词被“only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”、“the right“、“the same”等修饰
He is the only person that l want to talk to.6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的问句中，为避免重复，常用“that”
Who is the man that is standing there?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
六、定语从句可以省略关系词的情况 ：
定语从句中关系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。关系词的省略主要限于以下几个方面。如：
1.关系代词作宾语时的省略。当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如： Is there anything(that)you wanted? 想要什么东西吗? Who is the man(that / who / whom)you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁? / 10 2.关系代词作表语时的省略。当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。如： China is not the country(that)it was.中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语)3.关系代词作宾补时的省略。当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足时，可以省略。如： I’m not the madman(that)you thought me.我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语)4.关系副词when的省略。用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略但有一种特殊情况 即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如： That was the year(that)I first went abroad.就是那一年我第一次出国了。I’ll never forget the day(that)we met.我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。
5.关系副词where的省略。用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：
This is the place(where)they met yesterday.这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。Have you somewhere(that)I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？
6.关系副词why的省略。关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which，均可省略。如：
That’s the reason(why, for which, that)he came.这就是他来的原因
七、区分定语从句和同位语从句：
定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；
同位语从句指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句，同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明.是补充说明的关系。
The boy who is playing football is my classmate.（定语从句）
名词作同位语
Mr.Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all.（同位语从句）
可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility, decision等。
三、状语从句：
3.1.条件状语从句:由引导词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。
If you fail in the exam, you will let him down./ 10 You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.3.2.时间状语从句：用表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语，这样的复合句就是时间状语从句。连接时间状语从句的连接词有：when, before, after, while, as soon as, until, since......这里要注意一点的是，如果主句是一般将来时，从句只能用一般现在时表示将来意义，简称主将从现。
We were about to leave when he came in It will be four days before they come back。
3.3.目的状语从句:从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的状语从句。可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导.You must speak louder in order that you can be heard by all.I got up early so that I could catch the first bus 3.4.原因状语从句：
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because, as（由于）, since（既然）, now(that)（既然）, when（既然）, seeing(that)（由于，鉴于）, considering(that)（考虑到）, given(that)（考虑到）,for（为）等
I don’t like this computer because it is too ugly.Since you don't trust him, you should not employ him.3.5.方式状语从句：方式状语从句通常由as, as…so…, as if, as though, by,with引导。
You must try to hold the tool as I do As water is to fish, so air is to man 3.6.地点状语从句：地点状语从句表示地点、方位，这类从句通常由where引导。
I found my books where I had left them.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where 引导定语从句和状语从句的区别：
where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。
Go back where you came from.(where引导地点状语从句）
Go back to the place where you came from.(where引导定语从句，修饰place)3.7.比较状语从句：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级、比较级及最高级的句子之中。原级：as…as，not so（as）…as …，比较级：more…than（更）特殊引导词：the more … the more … ； no … more than；not A so much as B My hometown is as beautiful as Hangzhou / 10 Nothing is more dangerous than that you make friends with him The more homework you do, the more you will get in study.3.8.结果状语从句:so… that或such…that
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.It was so hot a day that they wanted to go swimming.3.9.让步状语从句:引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些：
though，although, while，as, even if，even though, whether...or...,no matter who/no matter what/ no matter where，whoever/whatever/wherever，regardless of…，despite，in spite of。Although/Though he was exhausted, he still kept on working.They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed
一个例句记住状语从句：
虽然我不太乖但是如果妈妈今天不忙，为了给我过生她会用微信在蛋糕店买一个（让步）（条件）（时间）（目的）（原因）（方式）（地点）足球般大小的蛋糕。（比较）（结果）/ 10
第三篇：英语从句汇总
从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，是一个特殊句子，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。
根据从句语法功能的不同可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。
前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；
定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句；
而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句和时间状语从句。
主语从句（Subject Clause）
用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。
表语从句（Predicative Clause）
用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词很多都一样。
宾语从句（Object Clause）
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
同位语从句
是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系就是同位关系，即主表关系。
定语从句
是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
状语从句 可分为：
(1)时间状语从句：(adverbial clause of time)(2)地点状语从句：(adverbial clause of place)(3)原因状语从句：(adverbial clause of cause)(4)条件状语从句：(adverbial clause of condition)(5)目的状语从句：(adverbial clause of purpose)(6)让步状语从句：(adverbial clause of concession)(7)比较状语从句：(adverbial clause of comparison)(8)方式状语从句：(adverbial clause of manner)(9)结果状语从句：(adverbial clause of result)德语中的从句
状语从句和宾语从句均用 Dass 来引导
3主语从句编辑
在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语。主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short timesurprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrowremains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accidentremains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（8）What we needis time.（9）What we needare good doctors.主语从句小结:（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。（2）连词位于句首不能省略。
（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（9）注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究，并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。4表语从句编辑
连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever等。还有如because, as if, though等。He has become a teacher.他已经成为一名教师。
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已经成为了他10 年前想成为的一名教师。His suggestion is good.他的建议是好的。
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。The question is confusing.这个问题令人困惑。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。5宾语从句编辑 定义
宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。宾语从句在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后。Tell him which class you are in.Do you know what he likes？ 宾语从句的分类 A、作动词的宾语： e.g．I heard the news.I(主语)heard(谓语动词)the news.名词作宾语
I(主语)heard(谓语动词)that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语---宾语从句
B、作介词的宾语：
e.g．He said nothing about the plan.He(主语)said(谓语动词)nothing(代词作动词的宾语)about(介词)the plan.名词作介词的宾语
C、做有动词意义的形容词的宾语 e.g.I'm afraid that I can't win.6宾语从句三要素编辑 1：语序
宾语从句必须用陈述语序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.【注】否定前移，及完成反义疑问句；
在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，可以转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注：否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）
I don't think you are right,are you？
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they？
【注】在表示建议suggest,advise；要求demand、desire、require、request、propose；决定 decide;命令 order、command;坚决主张 insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）。
I suggested that you（should）study hard． He ordered that we should go out at once．
【注】如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置。You may think it strange that he would live there． 2：连接词
带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how。1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。【注】that常在以下情况下不能省略：
（1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时；
（2．当宾语从句较长时；
（3．当主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前时；
（4．当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时；
（5．当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略；
（6．当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时；（7．当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；（8．当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；（9．当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时；（10．当宾语从句有it做其先行词时；
（11．在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时。
2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…or not结构中不能用if替换。
【注】if/whether区别
①if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介词后一般不用if ②少数动词，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。④在不定式前只能用whether。
如：I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。⑤避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if.3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,why，who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
★当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他 3：时态
1．主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变。
He says(that)he will leave a message on my desk.They know(that)he is working hard.2．主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。He answered that he was listening to me.3．主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）。
4.当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主句是什么时态，从句均用一般现在时。但与人有关的均不是定理。
He told me that he was a boy.（虽然性别是客观存在的，但“男”“女”也是人为定义的，故非第4种情况）
Father told me that practice makes perfect.（所叙述的事实为一个定理，用一般现在时）例题
1.The teacher told the children that the sun ____ round.A.was B.is C.were D.are 选B，因其陈述为无可争议的客观事实。
2.I believe that our team ____ the basketball match.A.win B.won C.will win D.wins 选B或C，这既是讲话人现在对将来情况的主观推测，也是对未来发生动作的肯定。3.The soldiers soon reached()was once an old temple()the villagers used as a school.A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where 选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语。（注：use sth.as译为“把…用作”）注意
A.有时候可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.B.带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.C.False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.7连接词编辑 ①从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether.that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。例句：
He told me that he would go to the college next year.他告诉我他下一年上大学。
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车。
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试。②连接代词 连接
代
词
主
要
有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。连接代词一般指疑问，但what,whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。例句：
Do you know who has won ‘Red Alert’ game？ 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗？
I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗？ ③连接副词
连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。例句：
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
Could you please tell me how you use the new software? 你能给我展示怎么用这个新的软件吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没人知道这些的新的零件在哪里能买到。8同位语编辑
与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。
同位语从句用法比较“固定”,把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）：
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容，如：
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如： I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词中有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them． 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
1．同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如： The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）
The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）
2．引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。1)非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前 Bruce Lee(姓名)李小龙
Graf Schmidt(称号，浑名)施密特伯爵 Doctor Wang(职称，头衔)王博士 Uncel Liu(亲戚的称呼)刘叔叔 die Stadt Shanghai(类属名称)上海市 the Province Hebei(类属名称)河北省 das Jahr 2000(类属名称)2000 年
three Kilo tomato(度量名称)三公斤西红柿 the University Bremen(专有名词)不来梅大学 国际上另一种分法为关系从句 关系从句（relative clause)关系从句的理解与翻译 人们习惯称由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when，where等引导的从句为“定语从句”，认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当，只不过英语的定语从句后置，汉语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深入，人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。让我们先看一例：
Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点，该句子就可能会被译为： “肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院。”
译文听上去荒谬可笑，仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”，这显然有悖原意。这里“where”起过渡连接的作用，相当于“and there”，在语义上属另一新层次，绝无修饰，更无限制“怎样的医院”之意。从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后，进一步交待了事情发展的结果。可见，这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释。因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”。这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚，深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系。所以，例1应译为： 肯尼迪被急忙送到一家医院，在那里他很快就死了。让我们再多看几个例子：
1． When he was still a little boy,Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.杰克·伦敦还是小孩时，他写的一些作文就受到老师的赞赏。(不宜译为：……他就写受到老师赞扬的作文。)2． I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.我遇到了那位船夫，他将我渡到对岸。(不宜译为：我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫。)3． While they were waiting there,a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild,hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.他们正在那儿等时，从路边一幢房屋窜出的一条狗开始狂吠不止，直到有人出来喝住，它才停下来。
(不宜译为：……一条狗开始了直到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠。)4． In the torchlight，he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines,our local grocer.借着电筒的亮光，他看见一个人影，马上认出是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯。(不宜译为：……他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯的影子。)我们知道，汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段，通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子，对语序的依赖性极大，如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑，如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”。而英语的连接手段相当丰富，构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息，从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度……从句，但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚。如：
5． The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子，汉语只有以简驭繁：断句。译为： 蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子。
此外，读者也许注意到了：在1、2、3、4、5例中，抛开关系代词等结构不管，我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致，这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础，只需在关系代词处断句，省掉关系代词，必要的话重复一下名词，照原文顺序翻译即可。那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的，或时序不清楚又怎么样呢？请看例句： 6． He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.他是教授，这学期在几所大学兼课。All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much,forthey were unlike any people had ever known.这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿，这对夫妇使我很感兴趣，因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样。
以上两例中主句传递了主要信息，从句传递了辅助信息，从另一侧面加以补充描述，或提供某种必要的背景知识，关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用，使语义发展顺利进人另一层次，我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。
有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系，不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词。如：
8． In 1906,however,Pierre,who was crossing a road,was run over and killed.(who… ≈ when he…)
1906年，皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了。
9． Dr.Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once.(who was… ≈ though he was)白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累，但他立即便开始工作。
10． We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.(whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)我们知道，由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。
11． He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.(who… ≈ if he…)(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看，(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官。
12． There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.(that… ≈ so that the Plan…)此方案新颖，有独创性，有魄力，(所以)他们都喜欢。
以上五例中，关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系，意义上相当于状语从句，翻译时也当然不能译为定语。另外，11、12两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑，这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的。传统语法囿于“定语从句”的观念，以关系代词前有无逗号为准，机械地将关系从句分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”，这是很不全面的。我们应该深入理解原文的深层意思，尊重汉语的习惯，才能翻译出正确、地道的译文。9定语从句编辑
用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。①引导定语从句的关联词有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why 和 which.在非限制定语从句中，只可用which,who,whose,where,when.,如果指代前面整个句子，多用which.例句：
The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗已经找到了。）
Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）
The days when we had to rely on wool,cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.（那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）
Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）
This is the reason why he refused to help us.（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）He was born in 1976,when an earthquake struck the country.（他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）
They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people,which enraged all of us.（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。）
② 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all,any,no,little,much,very first等词，或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all,anything,nothing,something,everything时，从句的引导词只能用that.The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假？）
These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。）Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗？）
This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）
③as 可做引导词引导定语从句，多和such,the same 连用.As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头.例句： Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。）The boy was run over by a motor-car,as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。）
As is often the case,the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。）
We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。）④介词+which/whom/whose从句
The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。）
Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。）
Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book,of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane整整一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）例题：
Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.a.where b.that c.with which d.as soon as ⑤代/名+介词+which 从句
He is needing a book,the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。）
In factories and in our daily life,there are many waste materials,all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。）
To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串问题唯一的答案。）⑥同位语从句和定语从句
The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。）
The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的这个消息真的是很激动人心。）⑦ 难句：
NO.1 He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。）
NO.2 He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。）
NO.3 I shall never forget the day when we first met.（我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。）
NO.4 I remember the morning when he first came to school.（我记得早上，当他第一次来到学校的时候。）
NO.4 I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.（我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的日子。）
NO.5 The room where he lived is kept in good repair.（他住的房间保持着良好的状态。）NO.6 Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.（馆长在地窖里找到一个地方使用,作为他第一次实验的实验室。）NO.7 The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.（以何种方式/这就是你回答的他所提出的问题，令人钦佩。）10状语从句编辑
用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词，通常由从属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较状语从句等。时间状语从句
1)常见连词有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when），while，as long as,as soon as… 例句：
As you look at yourself in a mirror,you’ll seen an identical image of yourself.It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.It was not until…that Not until…did he…
Not until I received the letter,did I know he had gone to America.It was not until….When I got to the airport,I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.I was about to leave,when something occurred which attracted my attention.Whenever we have difficulty,he’ll come to help us.2)no sooner…than,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when: 刚做…就….No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.She had scarcely news when she fainted.3)还有 immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant,the second,every time etc I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.地点状语从句
一般用where 或 wherever 引导：
I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.Wherever they went,they were warmly welcome.条件状语从句
真实条件从句:if,unless,so long as,provided that,supposing that,on condition that,in the event that,in case that etc I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.I will not go to her party unless she invites me.原因状语从句
从属连词有because,as,since,for,now,that,in that,seeing that,considering that(鉴于，由于)As the school regulations are written quite clearly,there is nothing more to be explained.Considering that the sweater was hard made,it was not expensive.Seeing that they are inexperienced,they are doing quite a good job.让步状语从句 引导词分类： 1): even if,though,even though,while(尽管)no matter what/how/which,however,whatever,whichever,however etc.He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.Whatever the consequence may be,I will be on your side.However hard she tried to explain,nobody trusted her.It has been the same result,whichever way you do it.2)由as 引起的让步从句，语气较强烈，被强调的词须放在句首.Simple as the question may seem,it is not at all common in nature.Cold as it is,the children play outdoors.Much as I respect him,I can’t agree with him.Object as you may,I will go on with my plan.3)whether…or,不管…或…
whether you be a student or a teacher,you are required to obey the regulations of the school.结果状语从句
引导词：so that,so…that,such…that
He is so humorous that we’ll never forget him.She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.目的状语从句
引导词：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest,in case I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.方式状语从句
引导词：as,(just)as…so…，as if,as though.1）as,(just)as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如…”，“就像”，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）as if,as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。比较状语从句
1)as…as,not so/as…as
the film was not so exciting as we expected.（这部电影没有我们期待的一样精彩。）The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.She likes them almost as much as Paul does.2)比较级+than,so much/a lot more than She looks much younger than she is.（她看上去比她的实际年龄更年轻。）
The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.（宇宙的结构比你想象的更复杂。）
3)no more…than,not more…than,less…than
Jack is not more frightened than Mike is.（杰克不像马克那么害怕。）Tom is no more rich than Black。（汤姆并不比布莱克富有。）3)the more…the more
The farther north you go,the severer the winter is.The more I see of him,the less I like him.（我越看他越讨厌。）
第四篇：初中从句区别
一、状语从句分类及常用连词：
类别 连 词
时间状语从句 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.地点状语从句 where,wherever
原因状语从句 because, since, as, for, now that, etc.目的状语从句 in order that, so that, that, etc.结果状语从句 so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.条件状语从句 if, unless, as(so)long as, etc.让步状语从句 though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.比较状语从句 as…as, so…as, than, etc.方式状语从句 as, as if, as though, etc.二、相似连词的用法区别
1.when, while, as，while表时间，从句需用延续性动词，切不可用瞬间动词。
when表时间，从句既可以用延续性动词，又可以用瞬间动词。
as表时间，与when相似，但侧重强调主从句动作同点或同段进行。
when, while后可以接分词短语。
2.because, as, since, for
语气 位置 意义
because 最强 前或后 “原因”；表客观因果关系；回答“” as 较强 前 “由于”；把众人所知的事实当作理由
since 较弱 前 “既然”；就对方陈述的事实作为理由
for 最弱 后 “理由”；对某一事实进行推断的理由
注：上面所说的“前”，指从句在主句之前；“后”，指从句在主句之后。
3.so that, so…that, such…that
so that “以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。注意：在从句中有情态动词表目的。无情态动词表结果。
so…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于：
1.so+形／副＋that 2.so+形＋a(an)＋单数名词＋that 3.so＋many/much＋复数名词（不可数名词）+that
such…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于：
1.such＋a(an)＋形＋名词＋that 2.such＋形＋复数名词／不可数名词＋that
4.though, although, as，though, although在句首表“尽管”两者都可以用。但句后不能再用but。
下列情况只能用though：
▲ as though(=as if);even if(=even though)▲ 在句末表示“然而” as表示“尽管”，从句的表语、状语等成分要倒装。
5.whatever, however,wherever, whenever
它们是what, how, where, when的强势语气。分别等于：
no matter what, no matter how no matter where, no matter when
二宾语从句
1.肯定句
结构:主句+that（可有可无）+肯定句
2.一般疑问句
结构:主句+if+一般疑问句
3.特殊疑问句
结构:主句+疑问词+肯定句。
宾语从句的时态
1.主现从不限（主句是一般现在时，从句的时态不限）
2.主过从四过（主居是一般过去时，从句的时态应是一般过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时或者过去进行时）
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句，它内容完整，句型结构较为复杂，主句和从句时态搭配要求严格，在中考试题中频频出现。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。学习宾语从句并不难，只要你能过好下面的三道关：
第一关，选好连接词（也有人叫关联词）。
引导宾语从句的连接词，课本上写有三类，但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。
1．连词that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如：
1）He knew（that）he should work hard．
2）I am glad（that）you've passed the exam．
2．连词whether或if：它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口语中多用if。例如：
3）Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning？（注：2002上海市徐汇区中考试题填上答案后的句子。以下再有这种例句，都为2002年中考题，只写某地。）
4）Tom didn't know if／whether his grandpa liked the present．
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大，同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如：
5）He asked me whether or not I was coming．他问我是否要来。（该句中的whether不能换成if，因为if不能与or连用。）
3．连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which：它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有其自己的意义。例如：
6）The teacher asked the new student which class he was in？（武汉市）（which引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语，修饰class，意为“哪个”。）
7）Can you tell me whom he is waiting for？（天津市）4．连接副词when，where，why，how：起连接作用，分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语，各有其自己的意义。例如：
8）I wonder where he got so much money．对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。（where在从句中作地点状语，修饰got，意为“哪里；什么地方”。）
9）He didn't tell me how old his friend was．（四川省）（how引导宾语从句，作程度状语，修饰old，意为“怎样；如何”等意。）
第二关，牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”。这里特别强调的是，它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序，不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如：
10）You must remember what your teacher said．（河南省）
11）—Dad，do you know when the football game will start？
—In half an hour．（宁波市）
12）汉译英：你能不能告诉我，我们去看望谁？
误：Can you tell me who（m）do we have to see？
正：Can you tell me who（m）we have to see？
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句，如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris？就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris？”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了，我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris？”了。
第三关，注意时态的呼应。
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受主句谓语时态的制约，这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如：
13）汉译英：我原以为你今天有空的。
误：I thought（that）you are free today．
正：I thought（that）you would be free today．
错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today，但因为主句谓语是thought，所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了。
这种时态的呼应，如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制，如上述例句2），3），7），8），10），11），12）。如果主句时态是过去时，宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）。例如：
14）He thought he was working for the people．
15）I heard she had been to the Great W all．
16）John hoped that he would find a job soon．
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等，则不变化：
17）The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun
定语从句
定语从句
内容提要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
一、限定性定语从句
1.that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2.which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3.代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略
4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6.when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which)he dislike it.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which)they left.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3.有时as也可用作关系代词
4.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
三、定语从句结构错误
1.缺关系词
2.从句中缺成分
第五篇：英语中同位语从句与定语从句的区别
同位语从句与定语从句的区别
一、从句法功能上来看
同位语从句中连接词that在从句中不作句子成分，也没有词汇含义，只起连接作用，其作用大致相当于一个冒号；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，且在句中充当句子的成分(主语或宾语)。如：
I hold the belief that where there is a will, there is a way.(that引导的是同位语从句，它在从句中不充当句子成分)
The letter that I received yesterday was from my sister.(that引导的是定语从句，它在从句中充当宾语)
二、从意义上来看
同位语从句所表达的内容与作为中心词的名词所表达的内容是一样的，两者之间可以划等号；而定语从句则是限制或修饰中心词的，中心词所表达的内容不等于定语从句所表达的内容。如：
He told me the news that his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day.(that引导的是同位语从句，其中the news = his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day)
This is the factory that we visited last month.(that引导的是定语从句，其中 the factory≠ we visited last month.)
三、从中心名词上来看
同位语从句中的中心名词常是一些表示概括意义的抽象名词，这类名词有fact, idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question 等。而定语从句中的中心名词是没有限定的。如：
四、从that是否可以省略来看 引导同位语从句的连词that一般不能省略，而在定语从句中，that作宾语时，可以省略。另外，引导定语从句的that若指事物，它可以用which来代替，而在同位语从句中，that 永远不能用which替代。
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