口译教程(基础篇)

第一篇：口译教程(基础篇)

 口译教程（基础篇）

 英语倍数句型及翻译

 英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧ 等，见圈码）很容易译错——其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：

 倍数增加

A is n times as great（long，much，„）as B.（①）

 A is n times greater（longer，more，„）than B.（②） A is n times the size（length，amount，„）of B.(③)

以上三句都应译为；A的大小（长度，数量，„„）是B的n倍[或A比B大（长，多，„„）n-1倍].e.g.This book is three times as long as(three times longer than/three times the length of)that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。

注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than（as，of）B常被省去。

（二）increase to n times（④）

 increase n times／n-fold（⑤） increase by n times（⑥）

 increase by a factor of n（⑦）

以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。

e.g.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。e.g.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986．化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。

e.g.That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。

e.g.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。

注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。

（三）There is a n-fold increase/growth„（⑧）

应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式：

e.g.A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道，价值破记录地增长了3倍。

（四）double(增加1倍)，treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨)

e.g.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled．这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。

 

  

 



       



（五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：

 A is as much（large，long，„）again as B.（= A is twice as much（large，long，„）as B.（⑩）

应译为：A比B多（大，长，„„）1倍。

 A is half as much（large，1ong，„）again as B.(= A is one and a half times as much（large，1ong，„）as B.)（11）应译为：A比B多（大，长„„）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。

 倍数减少



（一）a is n times as small（light，slow，„）as b.（12） a is n times smaller（lighter，slower，„)than b.（13）

 以上两句均应译为：a的大小（重量，速度，„„）是b的1/n[或a比b小（轻，慢，„„）（n-1）/n]。

 e.g.The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子约轻15/16）。

 e.g.This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的1/2）。 注：当相比的对象b很明显时，than/as b常被省去。

（二）decrease n times/n--fold（14）

 decrease by n times（15）

 decrease by a factor of n（16）

 以上三式均译为：减少到1/n[或：减少(n-1)/n]。

decrease常被reduce，shorten，go／slow down等词替代。

 e.g.Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3（即缩短到2/3）。

 e.g.When the voltage is stepped up by ten times，the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10（即90％）。

 e.g.The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了4/5。



（三）there is a n-fold decrease/reduction„

应译为：减至1/n [或：减少（n一1）/n]。（17）这个句型还有其它一些形式， e.g.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed．

发现迅速减少到1/7。

 e.g.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句型（除了不含倍数词的again句型外）都包括基础倍

数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④；句型(13)表示的倍数比差＝句型12，且decrease（by）3 times应译为“减少2/3”，而不是“减少3/4”。



 数字的译法

 数字的译法有以下几点注意：

一，口译中经常遇到数字，没有经过训练的人往往会出错，这是因为汉语和英语数字表达的方式不同。汉语是个，十，百，千，万，十万，百万，千万，亿，十亿„„，也就是以“十”的倍数来表示；而英语则是在数字超过千以后，以“千”（thousand）的倍数来表达的。如“一万”是“十千”，即ten shousand；“十万”是“百千”，即hundred thousand，直至“百万”，million。百万以上的数字则用“百万”的倍数表达；如“千万”是“十百万”，即ten million;“亿”是“百百万”，即hundred million，直至“十亿”，billion。

 掌握以上情况后就知道，凡遇到“万”和“十万”时都要变成“十千”，“百千”。当然，如记录时能把上述数字立即写成10，000和100，000，翻译起来就容易了。如记录时写成3万，30万，那就要在口译时迅速地转换成“三十千”，“三百千”后再翻译。因此如何记下数字也是一个问题。

 上百万的数字最简单的表达方法是把百万以后的数字用point多少来表达，如396万可说成3.96 million;3亿9，650万是396.5 million；以此类推，10亿以上的数字“百亿”是“十十亿”；129亿就是12.9 billion。

 在用小数点时应注意：小数点以前的数字读法同基数词，即数字之间一般不用连接词，只在hundred和后面的十位数之间用and，如123，456读作one hundred and twenty-three thousand four hundred and fifty-six。但小数点的数字要一个个分开来读，如3.126读作three point one two six。

 二，翻译时常会遇到一些较笼统的数字，如“几个”，“十几个”，“几十个”等等，这类表达法需要熟记：

几个 some;a few;several;a number of 十几个 more than;no more than twenty 几个个 dozens of 几十年 decades 七十好几了 well over seventy 好几百个 hundreds of 成千上万 thousands of 几十万 hundreds of thousands of 亿万 hundreds of millions of  三，汉语中有些对序数词提问的问题，译成英语时要改变提问法，如：

1.这是你第几次来中国？

Is this your first visit to china? 2.你们队得了第几名？

Did your team win the championship? 3.这孩子是你的老几啊？

Is this your oldest/youngest child/son/daughter?



 英语数词的翻译

 英语中的有些数词在汉译时可以等值翻译。但是，也有不少数词在汉译中不能等值翻译，或者完全不译出来。这种翻译处理方法是为了使汉译句子能符合汉语的表达习惯。以下分别举例说明。 等值翻译：

 a drop in the ocean沧海一粟

                     within a stone's throw一箭之遥

ki11 two birds with one stone一箭双雕

a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.．吃一堑，长一智。不等值翻译：

at sixes and sevens乱七八糟 on second thoughts再三考虑

by ones and twos两两地，零零落落地

Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。

Can you come down a little?--Sorry, it's one price for all.你能便宜一点卖吗？对不起，不二价.He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the wine。他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。不必译出

One man's meat is another man's poison.人各有所好。I'll love you three score and ten.我会一辈子爱你的。Ten to one he has forgotten it．很可能他已经忘了。

His mark in math is second to none in the class.他的数学分数在班上是名列前茅的。She is a second Lei Feng。她是雷锋式的人物。

I always believe my sixth sense。我总相信我的直觉。

He talks about you nine times out of ten when we have a chitchat.每次我们闲聊他几乎都谈及你。

The parson official1y pronounced that they became one。牧师正式宣告他们成婚。

 I used to study in France in the year one。我早年曾在法国学习。

 不定冠词a的翻译特

 英语中不定冠词a（an）相当活跃，就连英美的作家有时对它也看法不一。现只用实例来说明在翻译中常出现的一些非常规用法。（1）a day or two（＝one or two days）一两天

但前者作主语时，谓语动词用单数、复数均可；后者作主语时，谓语用复数形式。

（2）more than a year一年多的时间（即一年零几个月）；比较more than one year不止一年的时间（即两年。三年„„）。（3）a ten years l0年 a dozen times l2次

用在基数词前表示一个数量单位 once upon a time从前 for a time暂时

in a sense从某种意义上说 in a measure有几分

在某些口语中作“某一”“某些”讲。

（5）a cow is a domestic animal母牛是家畜。

主语中的a表示any“任何一个”，所以a可以表示一般性，代表全体。

be of an age同岁

we are just of an age。我们恰好是同岁。

               

                   比较be of age成年 once a year一年一次

three times a day一日三次

其中的a近似于per，each, very用于计算价钱、时间和速度。have a look看一看 need a wash洗一洗

a good knowledge丰富的知识

a crashing of gears变速箱发出的一阵阵碰撞声

a screeching of tires刹车时汽车轮胎发出刺耳的响声

a有在与动词同形的名词前或名词化的动名词前，表示一定的量或一些响声。We need a Washington today。今天我们需要像华盛顿那样的人物。The city is a London in miniature。那个城市就像是个“小伦敦”。a可以表示借喻，表示“和„„相似的人、事或地方.（10）I have got a complete Shakespeare at hand．我手头有莎士比亚全集。My wife is a Stuart．我的妻子是斯图亚特家的人。

A Mr.Smith called this morning。有位叫史密斯的先生今天早上来过电话。

his father bought an Anderwood last week.上周他父亲买了台安德伍德牌打字机。

a可用在作家、画家、名家、发明家前表示其作品，用在姓氏前表示某家族的一员或不认识的姓。（11）He settled in a China which every one knows to have been completely changed for two years。他在大家都知道的已经完全改变了面貌的中国定居了两年。a用在带有定语的专有名词前，表示情况的改变。（12）a glass一只玻璃杯 — glass玻璃 a hot coal一块烧红的煤一coal煤 a heavy rain一阵大雨－rain雨

a用在物质名词前，使物质名词变成普通名词

（13）Iit is a bother to me。这对我来说是件麻烦事。She is an honor to her school，她是个为母校增光的人。a用在抽象名词前，使抽象名词变为普通名词。

（14）a new moon一轮新月（c.f.the moon月亮）

a world like ours像我们这样的世界（c.f.the world世界）原本the的名词改用a后，表示某种状态。

（15）a red and black skirt一条红黑相间的裙子（一条）a red and a black skirt一条红裙和一条黑裙（二条）            

 两个词同指一物或一人时只用一个a，指两件物品或两个人时，两个词分别用a。

 怎样用英语表示数字

 在汉英笔译和英语写作中，经常会遇到数字；哪些场合用单词表示，哪些场合用阿拉伯数字表示，往往使人难以确定，现行语法书中也极少涉及此类问题。

 实际上，以英语为母语的国家，在书写数字时已形成几条约定俗成的规则，现总结如下供读者参考。

 英美等国的出版社在排版时遵循一条原则，即1至10用单词表示，10以上的数目用阿拉伯数字（也有的以100为界限），这条原则值得我们行文时借鉴。如：

That table measures ten feet by five. 那个工作台长10英尺，宽5英尺。

 The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session two or three times a week. 由一个教授和十名学生每周会晤两三次，每次授课时间45到50分钟，是大学程度课堂教学的传统方式。

大数目用阿技伯数字表示显得更简洁明了，但不定数量、近似值用单词表示较恰当。如：  There are 203817 voters on the electoral rolls。 选举名单上有203817个投票人。

 Nearly thirty thousand voters took part in this election.近3万个投票人参加了这次选举。

遇到日期、百分比、带单位的特殊数字，通常用阿拉伯数字。如：  Maximum swivel of table is l20. 工作台的最大回转角度是120度。 又如：

 ①3rd march l991或3 march l991； a discount of 5 percent（5%的折扣）；  ②purchased 7 yards of carpet（买7码地毯）；

③ordered 2 pounds of minced steak（订购2磅剁碎的肉）。 如果涉及的数目和单位是不定数，可用单词表示， 如：① about five miles per hour（每小时大约5英里）， ②at least ten yards away（至少有10码远）， ③hesitated for a moment or two（犹豫了片刻）， ④i have warned you a hundred times（我已经警告你多少遍了）。在科技文章中，数字频繁出现，用阿拉伯数字比用单词陈述更有利，如：

 The new engine has a capacity of 4.3 liters and a power out-put of 153 kilowatts at 4400 revolutions per minute。

 这台新发动机的容积为4.3升，转速为每分钟4400转时输出功率是153千瓦。 we know that the weight of a cubic foot of air at 0℃，and 76cm，pressure is 0.08l pound, or 12 cubic feet of air weigh a pound. 我们知道，1立方英尺的空气在0摄氏度和760毫米汞柱压力下，重量是0.81磅，也就是说12立方英尺空气的重量是1磅。

(5)句首不用阿拉伯数字，句末要尽量避免用阿拉伯数字， 4th July is an important date in American history. 应该写成the fourth of July... 19 couples took part in the ballroom dancing competition. 19对选手参加了交际舞比赛。应改写成：Nineteen couples took„  60% profit was a reported．据报道有60%的利润。 应改写成：Sixty per cent profit„

 1345 kilograms force was applied at the center point of the bar.试验时在杆的中点加1345公斤力。

 可改成When tested, a force of l345 kg was applied„ 遇到分数，可用带连字符号的单词表示，如： 



 At 1east two-thirds of the class have had colds.这个班至少有三分之二的学生患重感冒。 Nitrogen forms about four-fifths of the atmosphere.氮约占大气的五分之四。

 Sports

 创记录

 e.g.had broken or chalked up 495 world records.也可以说：

produce a total of 495 world records.set(up)/create/establish/make a new record. 刷新记录

 rewrite/renew/better/improve the world/one's own record  其它

 e.g.equal/match a record reach a record hold/keep the record for... 得冠军，得奖牌的表达方法

e.g.had won 582 world championships 也可以说：

gain world titles/championships take/capture 6 titles out of a possible 7 sweep all the 7 titles wrest the championship from... 体育运动中的“实力”，“强项”怎么译？

“实力”可译作“strength””或“power”，如：

Chinese athletes showed their traditional strength in some track and field events.“实力”也可能形容词“powerful”或“strong”表达，如： Chinese women basketball players are very powerful/strong.“强项”可译作“strong game/sport”。 “黑马”为什么是“dark”horse？

“黑马”是“dark”而不是“black”horse 这里dark的含义是“不清楚”，“不明朗”，表示对于某人“知道甚少”的意思。

 Education

 1.“培养”（人才）怎么译？

“培养”可译做 train, turn out 或 produce,如： turn out large numbers of skilled workers have trained...assistant and middle level technicians the college produces very good interpreters.有时“培养”也译做foster,如： to foster activists培养积极分子

 2.“工作单位”怎么译？

我国出版的英文报刊常把“工作单位”译作“work unit”，unit一词在英语中经常用不指“部队”；翻译时如能用具体的词，如school, factory, hospital, company等可能更明白易懂。若指为特殊目的成立的机构（如医院，学校，公司等），也可考虑用institution一词代替。原工作单位也可译作the institution at which one used to work。 3.program一词的意思

program有syllabus（课程提纲）或curriculum（一个学校，专业，或学科的全部课程）的意思，如今也用来表示学校开设的“专业”，如：We have a MA program in literature/an intercultural communication program，或学校所设的“（训练）部”，如：the un language training program；Mr.Lin is in charge of the Chinese program in our university. 补充一些有关教育的词汇：

project hope 希望工程 the credit system 学分制

a double BA degree system 双学士制

students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 定向招生 key university 重点大学

center for post-doctoral studies 博士后科研流动站 specialty 专业  college/university of science and engineering 理工科大学

normal university；teachers' university 师范大学 polytechnic university 工业大学 agricultural university 农业大学 medical university 医科大学

institute of traditional Chinese medicine 中医学院

Economy and Reform

 reform一词的搭配法

reform可以和以下动词连用：

intensify the rural reform further carry out reforms as the reform further develops/is carried forward/is pushed forward  2.“改革开放”的表达法

“改革开放”可译成the policy of reform and opening up 或the reform and the open policy。切不可与the open-door policy（“门户开放”政策）混淆。“进一步开放”或“门要开得更大”可译成reform and opening up went one step further；further reform and opening up。“加快改革开放的步伐”可译成accelerate the pace of reform and opening up。 3.“坚持”怎么译？

“坚持”可以译作adhere to, persevere in, persist in, hold on to, stick to, keep to等，如：

adherence to the socialist road, to communist party leadership, to the people's democratic dictatorship and to Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zetong thought.adhering to a coordinated and balanced program of development.persevere in the pursuit of 1 central task and 2 basic points persisting in reform and opening up hold on to socialism stick to this attitude keep to the socialist orientation adhere to 的意识是“坚持维护，支持”，“信仰坚定”，“忠于”，如：“坚持党的基本路线”可译作 adhere to the party's basic line，“坚持无产阶级国际主义”可译作adhere to proletarian internationalism。

persevere in 和persist in 一般用于行动，都有“在困难或遭到反对的情况下继续”的意思；但persevere in 带褒义，表示“不屈不挠”，而persist in 带贬义，表示“顽固，不听开导”，如： perseverance means success.persevere in one's studies/armed struggle persist in one's errors/asking insulting questions hold one to 的意思是“抓住不放”，用于beliefs, ideas, principles时表示“坚持信仰”，即使他人影响或情况使人产生怀疑，也不改变或放弃，如： hold on to one's views stick to 的意思是“粘住，不离”；和choice, decision, principle, belief 等词连用时，也有“不变，不放弃”，“坚持”的意思。

keep to 有“不离”，“不违背”，“遵守”的意思，如： keep to the main road keep to prearranged plan keep to 用于decision，belief，rules时有“坚持”的意思。此外，“坚持”也可译作insist on, keep up, uphold 等。

insist on 多用于意见，主张，表示“硬要”，“坚决要求”，如： we insist on an interview before we accept any ma candidate.she insisted on her innocence.he insisted on going innocence.keep up 的意思是“继续”，如：

keep up one's studies/piano practice/the attack/the good work uphold 的意思是“支持”，赞同“，可和law, principle, system, practice连用，表示“坚持”。“我们党坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的世界观”可译作our party upholds dialectical materialism and historical materialism as its world outlook. 工业

 1.“达到”怎么译？

“达到”可用reach或amount to，但amount to 表示几个部分相加后得到的总和，和add up to，total，number的意思一样。 operation一词的意思

operation有“运转”，“操作”，“工作”等意思，因此工厂“投入生产”，铁路“开始通车”，公司“开始营业”等都可能go into/step into/begin operation(s)，如： the factory went into operation in1992.operation还有“经营”的意思，“经营机制”是operation mechanism，“经营自主”是autonomy in operation.“扩大生产/经营”可用expand operation 表达，如： The enterprise expanded its operation into an iron and steel complex. capacity一词的意思

capacity表示最大生产量，容量或运载量，如： annual production capacity freighters with a total capacity of 100，000 tons capacity 也表示人的“能力”，“才干”，“本领”，如：

not working to capacity意思是“本领没有使出来”，“才干没有完全发挥”。 同义词、近义词辨析：

1）factory, plant, works, mill, complex等： factory, plant, works, mill 都是工厂.factory 泛指一般工厂，如 food factory, tractor factory plant 多指电器业或机械制造业，一般用于以下工厂：

water power plant, machine-building plant, chemical plant。

works 多用于钢铁等重工业，如 iron and steel works, gas works, cement works。mill 原意是“磨坊”，现泛指“工厂”，多用于轻工业，尤其是纺织工业，如： cotton/textile/silk/woolen mill, lumber/saw mill, steel mill, heavy steel rolling mill complex 指“联合企业”，如 chemical complex, iron and steel complex, building complex。

在现代报刊中，以上用法大都依照习惯，有时没有明确界限或区别。值得注意的是有些词专指特殊的工厂，如smeltery 冶炼厂、foundry 铸造厂、tannery制革厂。 2)equipment, facility: equipment 和 facility 都可译作“设备”，“器材”，但equipment 是不可熟名词，指用于某一特殊目的的东西，供给品，装备等。如： a completer of equipment an important piece of equipment basic kitchen equipment stereo equipment facility 是可数名词，常用复数形式。facilities指为一特殊活动或目的所提供的种种便利，包括设备、建筑物和服务等等。如： production facilities facilities for study facilities for travel sports facilities

第二篇：口译教程基础词汇（模版）

口译教程[基础篇]

Education 1.“培养”（人才）怎么译？

我国出版的英文报刊常把“工作单位”译作“work unit”，unit一词在英语中经常用不指“部队”；翻译时如能用具体的词，如school, factory, hospital, company等可能更明白易懂。若指为特殊目的成立的机构（如医院，学校，公司等），也可考虑用institution一词代替。原工作单位也可译作 the institution at which one used to work。3.program一词的意思

a double BA degree system 双学士制

students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 定向招生

key university 重点大学

center for post-doctoral studies 博士后科研流动站 specialty 专业

college/university of science and engineering 理工科大学 normal university；teachers' university 师范大学 polytechnic university 工业大学 agricultural university 农业大学 medical university 医科大学

institute of traditional Chinese medicine 中医学院 Sports 1.创记录

e.g.had broken or chalked up 495 world records.也可以说：

produce a total of 495 world records.set(up)/create/establish/make a new record.2.刷新记录

rewrite/renew/better/improve the world/one's own record 3.其它

e.g.equal/match a record reach a record hold/keep the record for...4.得冠军，得奖牌的表达方法

e.g.had won 582 world championships 也可以说：

gain world titles/championships take/capture 6 titles out of a possible 7 sweep all the 7 titles wrest the championship from...5.体育运动中的“实力”，“强项”怎么译？

“实力”可译作“strength””或“power”，如：

Chinese athletes showed their traditional strength in some track and field events.“实力”也可能形容词“powerful”或“strong”表达，如：

Chinese women basketball players are very powerful/strong.“强项”可译作“strong game/sport”。6.“黑马”为什么是“dark”horse？

“黑马”是“dark”而不是“black”horse 这里dark的含义是“不清楚”，“不明朗”，表示对于某人“知道甚少”的意思。Economy and Reform 1.reform一词的搭配法

reform可以和以下动词连用：

accomplish/effect/initiate/make/start reforms bring about reforms carry a reform into effect advocate/propose/urge reforms “深化改革”在我国出版的英语报刊上常译成deepen reform.一般说deepen做及物动词时常与knowledge, understanding一类词连用。“深化改革”中的“深化”就是“进一步”的意思，可译成： intensify the rural reform further carry out reforms as the reform further develops/is carried forward/is pushed forward 2.“改革开放”的表达法 “改革开放”可译成the policy of reform and opening up 或the reform and the open policy。切不可与the open-door policy（“门户开放”政策）混淆。“进一步开放”或“门要开得更大”可译成reform and opening up went one step further；further reform and opening up。

“加快改革开放的步伐”可译成accelerate the pace of reform and opening up。

3.“坚持”怎么译？

“坚持”可以译作adhere to, persevere in, persist in, hold on to, stick to, keep to等，如：

1.“达到”怎么译？

“达到”可用reach或amount to，但amount to 表示几个部分相加后得到的总和，和add up to，total，number的意思一样。2.operation一词的意思

operation有“运转”，“操作”，“工作”等意思，因此工厂“投入生产”，铁路“开始通车”，公司“开始营业”等都可能go into/step into/begin operation(s)，如：

the factory went into operation in1992.operation还有“经营”的意思，“经营机制”是operation mechanism，“经营自主”是autonomy in operation.“扩大生产/经营”可用expand operation 表达，如：

The enterprise expanded its operation into an iron and steel complex.3.capacity一词的意思

not working to capacity意思是“本领没有使出来”，“才干没有完全发挥”。4.同义词、近义词辨析：

water power plant, machine-building plant, chemical plant。

works 多用于钢铁等重工业，如 iron and steel works, gas works, cement works。

mill 原意是“磨坊”，现泛指“工厂”，多用于轻工业，尤其是纺织工业，如： cotton/textile/silk/woolen mill, lumber/saw mill, steel mill, heavy steel rolling mill complex 指“联合企业”，如 chemical complex, iron and steel complex, building complex。

在现代报刊中，以上用法大都依照习惯，有时没有明确界限或区别。值得注意的是有些词专指特殊的工厂，如smeltery 冶炼厂、foundry 铸造厂、tannery制革厂。

2)equipment, facility: equipment 和 facility 都可译作“设备”，“器材”，但equipment 是不可熟名词，指用于某一特殊目的的东西，供给品，装备等。如： a completer of equipment an important piece of equipment basic kitchen equipment stereo equipment facility 是可数名词，常用复数形式。facilities指为一特殊活动或目的所提供的种种便利，包括设备、建筑物和服务等等。如： production facilities facilities for study facilities for travel sports facilities 2008年，奥运会将在北京举行。作为中国人，我们都想对奥运会有一个更全面的了解，尤其是怎么用英语表达，我想通过一些常用的术语以及句子来增强对它的了解。

首先，我们来了解常用的术语：奥运会Olympic Games 奥运会选拔赛Olympic trial 国际奥委会International Olympic Committee 奥运会会歌Olympic Anthem 奥运火炬Olympic torch 奥运会代表团Olympic delegation 奥运村Olympic village 组委会organization committee 开幕式opening ceremony 闭幕式closing ceremony 吉祥物mascot 颁奖台podium 其次，我们通过一些句子来增强对奥运会的了解。

The international Olympic Committee constituted itself on 23rd June 1894.国际奥委会于1894年6月23日成立。

The Olympic symbol, the five interlocking rings, represents the union of the five continents and the meeting of the athletes of the world at the Olympic Games.奥林匹克的标志是五个相连的圆环，它代表着五大洲的团结和全世界运动员在奥运会上相聚一堂。The official languages of the IOC are French and English.国际奥委会的官方语言是法语和英语。

The Olympic flame is a symbol reminiscent of the ancient Olympic Games.奥运圣火是人们缅怀古代奥运会的象征。

The Olympic Games consist of the Games of the Olympiad and the Olympic Winter Games.Both take place every four years.奥运会包括夏季奥运会和冬季奥运会，它们都是每四年举办一次。The Olympic Games shall be proclaimed open by the Head of State of the host country.奥运会由东道国国家元首宣布开幕。The delegation parade in alphabetical order according to the language of the host country, except for Greece, which leads the parade, and for the host country which brings up the rear.代表团按东道国语言文字的字母顺序入场。希腊和东道国例外，希腊代表团第一个入场，东道国代表团最后一个入场。

笨鸟先飞A slow sparrow should make an early start.不眠之夜white night

不遗余力spare no effort;go all out;do one“s best 不打不成交”No discord, no concord.拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul 大开眼界open one“s eyes;broaden one”s horizon;be an eye-opener 国泰民安The country flourishes and people live in peace 功夫不负有心人Everything comes to him who waits.好了伤疤忘了疼once on shore, one prays no more 和气生财Harmony brings wealth 活到老，学到老One is never too old to learn.既往不咎let bygones be bygones 金无足赤,人无完人Gold can“t be pure and man can”t be perfect.金玉满堂Treasures fill the home 脚踏实地be down-to-earth 脚踩两只船sit on the fence 老生常谈，陈词滥调cut and dried, cliché 礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧“Where there is life, there is hope.” 马到成功achieve immediate victory;win instant success 名利双收gain in both fame and wealth 茅塞顿开be suddenly enlightened 弄巧成拙be too smart by half;Cunning outwits itself.拿手好戏masterpiece 赔了夫人又折兵throw good money after bad 抢得先机take the preemptive opportunities 强强联手win-win co-operation 瑞雪兆丰年A timely snow promises a good harvest.人之初,性本善Man“s nature at birth is good.人逢喜事精神爽Joy puts heart into a man.人海战术huge-crowd strategy 世上无难事，只要肯攀登”Where there is a will, there is a way.“ 世外桃源a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world;死而后已until my heart stops beating 岁岁平安Peace all year round 塞翁失马，焉知非福Misfortune may be an actual blessing.升级换代updating and upgrading(of products)四十不惑Life begins at forty.水涨船高When the river rises, the boat floats high.时不我待Time and tide wait for no man.杀鸡用牛刀break a butterfly on the wheel 说曹操,曹操到Talk of the devil and he comes.实话实说speak the plain truth;call a spade a spade;tell it as it is 实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.糖衣炮弹sugar-coated bullets 天有不测风云Anything unexpected may happen.a bolt from the blue 团结就是力量Unity is strength.歪风邪气unhealthy practices and evil phenomena 物以类聚，人以群分Birds of a feather flock together.望子成龙hold high hopes for one”s child 屋漏又逢连阴雨Misfortunes never come singly.When it rains it pours.文韬武略military expertise;military strategy 唯利是图draw water to one“s mill 无源之水,无本之木water without a source, and a tree wiithout roots 无中生有make/create something out of nothing 徇私枉法bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends 新官上任三把火a new broom sweeps clean 蓄势而发accumulate strength for a take-off 心想事成May all your wish come true 先入为主First impressions are firmly entrenched.先下手为强catch the ball before the bound 像热锅上的蚂蚁like an ant on a hot pan 现身说法warn people by taking oneself as an example 息事宁人pour oil on troubled waters 喜忧参半mingled hope and fear 循序渐进step by step 鱼米之乡a land of milk and honey 有情人终成眷属”Jack shall have Jill, all shall be well.“ 有钱能使鬼推磨Money makes the mare go.Money talks.有识之士people of vision 有勇无谋use brawn rather than brain 与时俱进advance with times 以人为本people oriented;people foremost 因材施教teach students according to their aptitude 欲速则不达Haste does not bring success.优胜劣汰survival of the fittest 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike.冤家宜解不宜结Better make friends than make enemies.一言既出，驷马难追A real man never goes back on his words.招财进宝Money and treasures will be plentiful 债台高筑become debt-ridden 致命要害Achilles” heel 众矢之的target of public criticism 纸上谈兵be an armchair strategist 纸包不住火Truth will come to light sooner or later.

第三篇：口译教程重点

第二单元接待口译 Reception service E-C/C-E混合型

2-1 机场迎宾 Greetings at the Airports ★★★

2-2 宾馆入住Hotel Accommodation★★★

2-3 宴会招待 Banquet Service ★★★★上海菜系的介绍

2-4 参观访问 Getting Around ★★★★★京河高科技园区

第三单元会谈口译

Conversations E-C/C-E混合型

3-1 欢迎光临 Welcome ★★★★跨国工作；“海上之埠”介绍

3-2 投资意向 Wish to Invest ★★★★外商投资热;中国的投资优势;合资企业

3-3 合资企业 Establishing a Joint Venture ★★★★合资的方式和数量

3-4 文化差异 Cultural Differences ★★★★★中美文化、价值观和世界观的差异

第四单元访谈口译 Interview

4-1 行在美国Travel in America ★★★★E-C/C-E混合型;美国租车、交通规则、驾照和交通方式

4-2 艾滋哀之The AIDS Epidemic ★★★ E-C英译中;艾滋病的传播、危害和控制措施

4-3 经营之道Business Management ★★★★ E-C/C-E混合型;中美文化和管理风格的差异

4-4音乐天才 A Gifted Musician ★★ E-C英译中;音乐创造和对年轻人的建议

第五单元礼节性口译

Ceremonial Speeches E-C/C-E混合型;

5-1 故地重游 Revising the Old Haunt ★★★★长征/北京故地重游/伟大进程/差异/民间领域

5-2 愉快之旅A Pleasant Trip ★★★★接待晚宴/中国的支持/友好合作的关系

5-3 共创未来 Our Future ★★★★中美合作/区域合作

5-4 新的长征A New Long March ★★★★总统的邀请晚宴/保护小国利益/共同发展第六单元礼仪性口译 Ceremonial Speeches E-C/C-E混合型

6-1 新春联欢Celebrating the Spring Festival ★★★★加拿大贵客/新春联欢会

6-2圣诞晚会 At the Christmas Party ★★★圣诞节/美酒佳肴

6-3开幕祝词An Opening Speech ★★★★开幕祝词/政府职能/市民社会

6-4 展望未来 Looking Ahead★★★★亚欧首脑会议/外交原则

第七单元介绍性口译 Information Speeches E-C 英译中

7-1 绿色城市

A Green City ★★★多伦多的环保经验/可持续发展

7-2 浪漫香槟

The Romantic Champagne ★★酿酒工艺/品质生活

7-3 游者之居

A Place to Stay ★★★★美国旅行/住宿/

7-4 教堂之游

A Tour around the Cathedral ★★★华盛顿大教堂

第八单元介绍性口译 Information Speeches C-E 中译英

8-1 丝绸之路 The Silk Road ★★★丝绸之路的历史/景点/人文

8-2 传统节日 Traditional Holidays ★★★★中国四大节日/春节/端午/元宵/中秋

8-3 教育之本 The Purpose of Education ★★★香港中文大学/中国的教育理念

8-4 出版之王 The Super-Publisher ★★★中国国际出版集团介绍

第九单元说服性口译 Persuasive Speeches E-C英译中

9-1 强市之路 The Road to a Prosperous City ★★★创新的重要性

9-2 广而误之 The Effects of Misleading Advertising ★★★误导性广告的危害

9-3 大学精神 The University Spirit ★★★★知识型经济/创新

9-4 继往开来 The New Beginning of an Old Story ★★★美国的价值观/教育/精神第十单元说服性口译 Persuasive Speeches C-E中译英

10-1 第二文化 Acquiring a Second Culture ★★★★★中国传统文化/中美文化差异

10-2 环境保护 Environmental Protection

★★★★环境问题/保护和节能

10-3 迎接挑战 Meeting the Challenge

★★★各种社会问题/对策

10-4习武健身 Practicing Martial Art for Your Health ★★★中华武术

第十一单元学术性口译 Academic Speeches E-C英译中

11-1 语言系统 The Linguistic System ★★★语言学习和内涵

11-2 人机之争 Two Kinds of Brain

★★人脑和电脑

11-3 生物革命 The Biological Revolution ★★★生物技术介绍/老年痴呆症

11-4 股票市场 The Stock Market ★★★★金融市场/股票知识

第四篇：口译教程9

Module 9 Interpreter’s professional code of conduct

I Theory and skills

口译是集知识与技能、脑力与体力为一体的工作。口译是一种服务，既然是服务，就有好坏优劣之分。译员作为这种服务的提供者，主观上自然愿意为社会提供最优质的服务，并期待在此过程中，体现自我价值，得到相应的回报。然而，各方沟通不够、产生认识差距，或者译员行为失范，都可能导致交际受损甚至失败。为了促进行业的健康发展，社会需要加深对口译工作性质的认识，更重要的是译员要加强自律，了解并严格遵守口译的职业道德规范。

除了口译界普遍认同的《国际会议口译工作者协会关于职业道德准则的规定》外，世界各国如澳大利亚、英国、法国各国也制定了各自的职业道德准则。经国家标准化管理委员会批准，中国于2004年6月起开始实施《翻译服务规范∙第一部分笔译》（Specification for Translation Service Part 1: Translation），以规范翻译企业的服务。相信随着中国口译市场的不断发展，关于口译部分的服务规范也将问世。

在参照国外多版本的口译职业道德准则的基础上，我们认为要成为合格的译员，树立良好的职业形象，至少要遵守以下几条准则：

 量力而行，有所为有所不为。不承担超出自己能力范围的口译工作，即便对方提出的报酬非常诱人。

 保证质量。译员在翻译过程中，要全面、准确、清楚地表述和传达发言人的信息、意愿和情感。如出现漏译和误译，应酌情给予纠正和补救。 保持中立，不对发言人、发言内容和表达的观点进行任何评论。 坚持操守，秉公办事。译员不应借助或利用口译工作与他人接触的机会或其他有利条件谋取私利。

 口译过程中应精神饱满，保持最佳的工作状态。同时要有良好的心态和足够的耐心，不论出现何种情况，应避免与发言人和听众当面发生冲突或争执。 信守和约，保守机密。译员应严格遵守与组织者或客户事前签定的服务合同或口头达成的约定，并在必要时提醒对方遵守。如果出现问题，应及时与组织者沟通。译员有责任替服务对象保守机密，不得向外部透露翻译内容。在服务对象要求译员签署保密协定时，译员不应拒绝。

 没有组织者的同意，不得将其交给自己的口译任务私自转给他人。

II Skills practices

Teaching tips: Interpreters, in-house, freelance or part-time, are service providers and they need to discipline themselves to make sure the service they offer is of high quality and up to the expectations of clients.The guidelines and principles laid down in Section 1 are a summary of our experience working as interpreters with reference to some codes of ethics or codes of conduct for interpreters in some countries such as Britain and Australia.The teacher may invite one or two practicing interpreters in their own localities to give lectures on codes of ethics as well as on how to build up an interpreting career covered in Section 3.In the meantime, the teacher can share his experience in this area with his students.9.1 Hackers attack Macintosh OS X operating system

词汇与短语 Hacker

黑客 operating system 操作系统 anti-virus software 杀病毒软件 Symantec Corp.赛门铁克公司

safe haven

安全避难处 malicious code 恶意代码 vulnerability

漏洞 Mac mini

迷你Mac(苹果机)display

显示器 keyboard

键盘

security-savvy users 安全意识高的用户 patch

补丁 glitch

缺陷

Many users of Apple Computer’s Macintosh OS X operating system believe that the Mac platform is virtually immune to attack.But a recent report from anti-virus software vendor Symantec Corp.shows that contrary to popular belief, hacker attacks on the system are on the rise.It is no longer a safe haven for malicious code and is increasingly becoming a target for the malicious activity that is more commonly associated with Microsoft and various Unix-based operating systems.//

While Microsoft’s Windows operating system runs on more than 90 percent of the world’s personal computers, the Macintosh operating system, the current version of which is based on the Unix operating system, has less than 5 percent of the global market for computer operating systems.It is true that all the platforms have vulnerabilities – weaknesses that leave the system open to malicious software attacks.But why is it that Mac, with such a small market share, has become a target? //

According to Symantec, Apple’s recent introduction of the Mac mini, a computer sold at the price of USD500 without a display, keyboard or mouse could actually increase the likelihood of more malicious software computer code targeting the Mac platform.“The market penetration of Macintosh platforms will be accelerated by the much lower priced Mac mini, which may be purchased by less security-savvy users.As a result, the number of vulnerabilities can be expected to increase, as will malicious activity that targets them,” the report says.//

Symantec says in 2004 it documented 37 high-vulnerabilities in Mac OS X.They have been confirmed by the vendor, which, in the Apple case, almost always means that the company has released a patch – a small piece of software designed to shore up a vulnerability or to fix other software glitches.//

III Interpreting practice

Instruction: familiarize yourself with the following words and phrases before you start to interpret at the end of each segment.9.2实施探月工程对我国科技和经济发展的意义

词汇与短语载人航天

launch of a manned spaceship

深空探测

deep-space exploration 月球基地

lunar base 月壤

lunar soil 氦—3

helium-3

核聚变燃料

nuclear fusion fuel 航天技术

aerospace technology 空间科学

space science

光电技术

photo-electricity technology 天文学

astronomy

占有一席之地

have a niche, to become a player

大家知道，发射人造地球卫星、载人航天和深空探测是人类航天活动的三大领域。美国人1969年7月登上月球，实现了月球行走后，月球探测就由于种种原因停了下来。现在，重返月球，开发月球资源，建立月球基地又成为世界航天活动的必然趋势和竞争热点。我国在发展人造地球卫星和实施载人航天工程之后，适时开展以月球探测为主的深空探测是我国航天活动的必然选择。// 月球已成为未来航天大国争夺战略资源的焦点。月球具有可供人类开发和利用的各种独特资源，月球上特有的矿产和能源，是对地球资源的重要补充和储备，将对人类社会的可持续发展产生深远影响。月壤中特有的氦—3资源是人类未来可长期使用的清洁、高效、安全而廉价的新型核聚变燃料，并将改变人类社会的能源结构。每一克黄金11美元，而每一克氦—3是400美元。// 进入21世纪，世界各国对月球资源的兴趣将越来越浓。开展月球探测，将提高我国认识月球，开发利用月球资源的能力。另外，开展月球探测有利于提高我国航天技术水平，推动空间科学和空间应用的发展。月球探测将成为我国空间科学和空间技术发展的第三个里程碑。// 月球探测是航天技术的一次飞跃，是新的科技创新点，有利于推动科教兴国方针的贯彻实施，将促进和提高高新技术的全面发展，特别是航天、信息、光电技术及空间应用的发展，并推动空间科学、天文学、生命科学和材料科学等基础科学的创新和发展。当前，正值国际上重返月球计划尚未全面开展之际，我们必须抓住机遇，尽快开展我国月球探测工程，确保我国在国际月球探测活动中占有一席之地。//

IV Self-study material 9.3 Embryonic stem-cell research The United States is in the midst of a gold rush over human-embryo research.The recently passed California’s Proposition 71 affirmed research cloning and committed $ 3 billion for stem-cell work.New Jersey became the second state to support embryo creation for research as part of its more modest stem-cell initiative.Now numerous other states, including Massachusetts, Maryland, and Wisconsin, are jumping in with proposals to similarly fund cloning for research, also called somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT.Compared with most other countries, the United States has become the Wild West, with lots of private and public money looking toward human benefit and hefty economic returns.//

This is happening against the background of a resounding but non-binding vote recently by the United Nations calling on all governments to ban the cloning of human embryos for any purpose.This call echoes a raft of legislation by inpidual nations.A Swiss law that took effect earlier this month is typical of laws in most European countries.It bans embryo creation outright.That is, it forbids scientists from creating human research embryos by any means, including cloning, fertilizing eggs, or making chimeras-hybrid embryos of humans and animals.Scientists are allowed to work with spare embryos left over from in vitro fertilization, but that must be authorized by the state.Violators face hefty fines and jail sentences.Britain and Belgium allow embryo creation for research but don’t make it easy.Britain has an independent embryo authority to scrutinize and monitor all projects and has issued only two cloning licenses since 2001.//

In the United States, Congress has tried but failed to pass legislation largely because of irreconcilable differences over when life begins.Both Presidents Bill Clinton and George W.Bush banned the National Institutes of Health on ethical grounds from funding the creation of human research embryos, although their orders apply only to federally funded work.In 2001, Bush additionally narrowed NIH research to embryonic stem cells already harvested from spare IVF embryos.These restrictions triggered an outpouring of private and state funding, and the dramatic Proposition 71.Meanwhile, Bush pushed NIH funding of adult stem cells, which are not ethically challenged and are proving, unexpectedly, to be almost as versatile as embryonic cells.//

A national effort to develop legally enforceable guidelines to oversee human-embryo research is urgently needed.And the rules must be clear, transparent to the public, and apply to all.The outcome might be one that allows for regulated embryo creation as in Britain or bans it for now as in most other countries.Doing nothing will keep stem-cell biology wealthy for a while, but science unregulated and mired in controversy will be damaging in the long run.//

第五篇：高级口译教程-饮食文化

《高级口译教程》（第四版）核心词汇（饮食文化）

食谱 recipe 餐前开胃点心 appetizer

正/主菜 entrée;main course 附菜 side dish 餐后甜食 dessert

小吃 snack;refreshments

山珍海味 delicacies from land and sea 冷盘 assorted hors d’oeuvres platter 什锦色拉 mixed vegetable salad with ham 酸辣白菜 sweet and sour pickled cabbage 炝虾 shrimps marinated in wine sauce

葱油海蜇头 jellyfish quick-fried with green onion 宁式拷子鱼 deep-fried anchovy(Ningbo Style)四喜烤麸 deep-fried sliced gluten with peanuts, day-lily, fungi and mushrooms

雪莱毛豆 fresh soybeans with reserved potherb mustard 宫保大虾 sautéed prawns with hot pepper 锅巴海参 crisp rice with sea cucumber 清炖甲鱼 stewed soft-shelled turtle

糖醋黄鱼 sweet and sour yellow croaker

回锅肉 twice-cooked pork slices in brown sauce 鱼香肉丝 fish-flavored shredded pork in hot sauce 椒盐排骨 spare ribs with pepper and salt 烤鸭 roast duck

羊肉串 sliced mutton barbecue 铁扒牛排 grilled beefsteak 涮羊肉 thin mutton slices quick-boiled in a chafing-dish/Mongolian fire pot 宫保鸡丁 diced chicken with peanuts;sautéed chicken cubes with chili and peanuts 麻婆豆腐 spicy and hot bean curd;bean curd with minced pork in chili sauce

生煸四季豆 sautéed string beans 鱼香茄子 fish-flavored eggplant 鱼翅汤 shark fin soup

扬州炒饭 Yangchow fried rice 炒米粉 fried ground rice noodles

小米粥 millet gruel 炸酱面 noodles with fried brown sauce paste 春卷 spring roll;egg roll stuffed with minced meat and shrimp

葱油饼 pan-fried cake with sesame seeds and green onion 油条 fried twisted stick 花卷 steamed bun/bread

小笼包子 steamed meat dumpling

汤圆 glutinous rice dumpling in soup

粽子 rice dumpling wrapped in reed leaves 料/佐餐酒 cooking/table wine

意式浓咖啡 espresso(Italian Style)槟榔 betel nut 烹调术 cookery

煸；炒 stir-frying;sautéing 爆 quick-frying 炸 deep-frying 煎 pan-frying

清炒 plain-frying 清蒸 steaming

红烧 braising with soy sauce/in brown sauce 煲；焖；炖；煨 braising;stewing;simmering 焙 roasting;broiling 铁扒 grilling;broiling 氽 quick-boiling 熏 smoking

腌 pickling;salting 卤制 marinating

揉面 kneading dough

切丁/柳/片/丝 dicing/cubing;filleting;slicing;shredding 请问，你们准备点菜吗？

Excuse me, but are you ready to order now?

先生，您要点菜还是要和菜？

Would you like an a la carte or table d’hote, sir?

你们一起买单还是各自付账？

How would you like to pay, one check/bill or separate checks/bills?

贵点的特色菜/招牌菜是什么？

May I know your house-special? 中餐先上冷盘，而西餐则先上汤。

A Chinese dinner begins with cold dishes, and a Western dinner with a soup.您会使用筷子吗？

Can you manage with chopsticks?

我吃西餐喜欢用刀叉，这叫做“入乡随俗”嘛。

I like to enjoy a dinner of Western food with forks and knives, because I believe in “Do in Rome asthe Romans do”.不要客气，桌上菜，请自便。

Make yourself at home and help yourself to the dishes.请尝尝我的拿手菜。

Would you like to try my special recipe?

对不起，我滴酒不沾。

Excuse me, I don’t touch anything alcoholic.茅台是我国最负盛名的烈酒，上口不上脑。

Moutai is China’s best-known liquor;it is delicious and yet doesn’t go to the head.绍兴酒属米酒一类，品之香味诱人，有点像日本的清酒。

Shaoxing Wine is made from rice;it possesses an inviting aroma and tastes like Japanese Sake.