第一篇:奥巴马对中国进行国事访问
“奥巴马对中国进行国事访问”引起热议 新闻背景
国家主席习近平12日在人民大会堂举行欢迎仪式,欢迎美国总统奥巴马对中国进行国事访问。
国宾车队在摩托车队护卫下途经长安街抵达人民大会堂。军乐队奏美中两国国歌。奥巴马在习近平陪同下检阅中国人民解放军三军仪仗队。
应习近平邀请,奥巴马于10日至12日来华出席亚太经合组织领导人非正式会议并对中国进行国事访问。11日晚,两国元首在中南海举行会晤,习近平邀请奥巴马共进晚宴,两国元首还一同散步、茶叙。编者注
去年6月,中国国家主席习近平与美国总统奥巴马在美国加州举行的一次创新式非正式会晤令安纳伯格庄园成为中美两国家喻户晓的地名,此次会晤给中美关系产生的深远影响,即确认构建中美新型大国关系。时隔一年半,中国版“习奥庄园会晤”本月12日即将在京启幕。作为此次APEC会议周期间最受瞩目的“会中会”,两国元首私人会晤神秘而令人期待。网友评论
网友ny58480表示“希望中美友好建交”
网友mingming0816表示“支持走和平发展的道路,只有国家强大了才有实力捍卫主权。在习总的带领下跟着党走向繁荣富强。”
网友睿智点评则表示“奥巴马总统,希望在你的任期内,中美关系能够取得长足的进步。” 扩展视野
从去年底到今年下半年中美关系的剧烈波动是双方高度重视此次会晤的原因。去年两国元首在美国加州安纳伯格庄园举行会晤以来,中美关系曾进入相对平静的稳步发展期。然而,由于美国亚太“再平衡”战略的持续推进,部分周边国家继续借领土争议挑起事端,中国被迫在东海划设“防空识别区”予以反制,此举却引起美国强烈反应。从负责亚太事务的助卿到白宫国安会亚洲事务高级主任,多次对华“放出狠话”。此后,美方又起诉5名中国解放军军官,并对中国石油公司的南海石油钻探指手划脚。一时间,中美关系似乎正在坠入谷底。其后,随着新一轮中美战略与经济对话的展开,双方剑拔弩张的态势才有所缓解。在奥巴马的国安顾问赖斯访华后,两国关系气氛随之好转,学界与媒体普遍认为这是在为奥巴马APEC期间访华“预热”。中美关系再次来到利益攸关点,两国关系能否借此次“习奥会”之机“趁热”转暖,建设性管控分歧,把重心放在合作而非对抗上,将是决定短至未来两年长至未来10年中美关系走向的关键所在。编者注
从全球层次来看,气候变化、反恐、埃博拉疫情防控、乌克兰局势、中东北非局势等预计都会涉及。从区域层次看,双方预计会就朝核问题、东海和南海问题、亚太自贸区建设路径等话题交换意见。从双边层次看,主要有三大方面:一是确保两国在维护地区稳定的问题上相向而行,以力促地区稳定发展的大局为主,避免任何破坏地区稳定的做法。二是强化双方经济合作,包括尽快敲定双边投资协定的负面清单,合理考虑彼此在市场开放、高技术出口限制等问题上的诉求,寻找并拓展包括新能源在内的有利于两国创新发展的合作领域。三是管控分歧。毋庸置疑,寄望中美在各领域内的分歧一夜之间烟消云散并不现实,在这种情况下,如何消除误会、增进互信、减少甚至避免误判就变得至关重要。分析人士认为,此次“习奥会”或会试图探索如何通过更好的机制来就敏感问题进行磋商。
第二篇:奥巴马对中国说实话
奥巴马对中国说实话:中国不能搞资本主义
一、奥巴马的实话透露给我们什么信息?
奥巴马在访问澳大利亚前,在白宫接受澳大利亚电视采访时,针对中国的迅速发展,终于把美国人的真实想法说出来了。奥巴马通过电视镜头向全世界明确宣布:如果10多亿中国人口也过上与美国和澳大利亚同样的生活,那将是人类的悲剧和灾难,地球根本承受不了,全世界将陷入非常悲惨的境地。美国并不想限制中国的发展,但中国在发展的时候要承担起国际上的责任。中国人要富裕起来可以,但中国领导人应该想出一个新模式,不要让地球无法承担。
奥巴马的这段话引起不小反响,美国总统难得有如此坦率的真心表白,这段话确实值得我们认真分析和准确领会。奥巴马这段话明白无误的传递给我们两个信息:中国这样的人口大国实现真正发达会损害美国的根本利益,在美国人心目中是一场灾难,是美国无法容忍的;中国无法通过资本主义的现有发展模式来实现真正发达。奥巴马的话还隐含了一个信息,资本主义的发展模式,受地球资源限制,只能允许少数人过上幸福生活。奥巴马的话还可以总结概括为:中国想通过西方走过的资本主义发展模式来实现真正发达,没门。
奥巴马的话给了一度在中国风光无限的崇拜资本主义的某些决策者们、主流经济学家们、民主精英们以当头棒喝,甚至让视美国为中国救星的中国精英和民运们有点难堪,也揭穿了这些人打着改革旗号给我们描绘了三十年的私有化市场化未来发展图景原来是镜中花水中月。三十年来,我们一直在高喊解放思想不遗余力的推进私有化和市场化改革,思想是解放了,国退也民进了,计划没了市场无处不在了,但是改革却在很多领域出现问题了(比如医疗市场化改革已经二次重来),这些跟改革的整体思路是在学西方无不关系。三十年来,靠借鉴资本主义的私有化和市场化方式来实现GDP数字增长,梦想复制它们的发展之路来实现他们今日的发达:为此我们引进了GDP经济指标并奉为至宝,搞出了GDP崇拜;引进了私有化药方来搞什么国退民进,搞出了私有化迷信;我们又引进了全盘市场化,搞出了市场化迷恋。依靠GDP的数字增长给私有化和市场化的持续推进提供合理化依据,利用私有化来迅速实现财富集中,迅速形成诸多利益集团,通过全面市场化来把中国老百姓曾经享受的社会福利剥光殆尽,进一步拉大了贫富差距。我们在环境、资源、文化、教育、道德、风气等方面支付了沉重成本,甚至我们的国内经济大多数行业已经被外资控制,所有这些,都是西方崇拜思维指导下,大规模引进了西方发展模式来实现的。再继续沿着这条路走下去,会是什么前景呢?会不会让我们真正迈入发达国家行列呢?奥巴马的话在给我们提示着一种答案,一种不同于国内主流经济学者的答案。连私有化是市场化的坚定支持者-------号称“吴市场”的吴敬琏也对中国市场化的发展不那么自信了,开始担忧中国陷入日韩危机,并且开始祷告苍天保佑中国了。
二、资本主义发达国家是怎么发达起来的?
一种社会制度对于社会发展起到什么作用,需要结合特定的历史阶段去作具体的分析,无论是进步性还是反动性都首先是一个历史的概念。不可否认,资本主义相对于封建主义,是有着巨大的历史进步性的,现在的资本主义强国,也大多都是比较早的引进了资本主义生产方式并借此进入了工业文明时代。但是,在启动工业文明的同时,资本主义是用血与火的方式来实现发展的,资本主义的发展史基本就是一部对内对外的抢劫史,对内抢劫其国内老百姓,制造了财富集中,形成了国家内部的贫富悬殊,对外依靠抢劫大多数发展中国家,形成了国家之间的贫富悬殊。在原始积累阶段,西方强国在国内实行羊吃人制造最初的产业工人,通过对内掠夺积累最初的发展资金,而后通过对外掠夺抢劫来进一步积累资金,并以此占据了先发优势。这些强国在攫取第一桶金之后,就开始为了争夺地盘和资源而陷入战争,一次和二次世界大战让主要的老牌强国斗的几败俱伤,却让远离战场中心的美国趁势崛起,成为资本主义世界的新老大。有英德等前老大因为过分喜好战争蛮干失败的深刻教训,美国不再把战争作为抢劫的首选,而是作为平时的威慑力量和政治经济手段不再奏效时的终极手段。美国比英德更高明之处在于其更擅长计算投入产出,更懂得不占而屈人之兵才是上上之策。自美国取得老大地位之后,就开始着手建立能够持续抢劫却又不露明显痕迹的国际经济和政治秩序。战后美国建立了以美元为国际储备货币的国际金融秩序,然后以金融秩序为核心,建立起以实现贸易和投资全球化为主要内容的国际经济秩序。凭借这种不平等的国际经济秩序,西方发达国家的资本借此控制了世界经济。现在不但国际金融控制在西方发达国家手中,西方发达国家可以利用美元和欧元是最主要国际货币的地位,通过发行货币白条来换取其他发展中国家的财富,他们还控制了全世界的主要资源,又控制了大宗资源的定价权,这就为廉价获取发展中国家的资源提供了条件;此外在国际产业分工体系中,西方发达国家居于产业链的最高端,并且控制了大部分销售网络,利润大头归发达国家的资本享有。发达国家正式通过上面这些手段,通过不平等的国际经济秩序,以全球化为幌子,兵不血刃的实现了全球范围内的经济殖民。依靠抢劫是西方国家所以发达的最主要原因。
三、中国可以复制西方的道路走向发达吗?
1、中国的国情和资本主义的本质特征决定,中国无法通过复制西方的道路实现真正发达。
每个国家都有自己的国情,中国最大的国情是人口众多而资源相对贫乏,这样就更需要通过公平的资源分配方式,才能让这么多人得以存续繁衍。而资本主义发展几百年,消耗掉那么多世界资源,也不过才实现了不到十亿人的西方阵营的相对富裕,而且在这个西方阵营内部,财富分布也是呈极端失衡状态,少数人集中垄断了大多数财富,真正富裕的其实不过是十亿西方人的少数人,如此一算,资本主义发展几百年,实现富裕的人更是少之又少。比如美国号称最发达资本主义,至今也是有几千万房奴,几千万人没有医疗保险,几千万人遇到金融危机就面临食物不足的困境,几千万人要面对失业的压力。何以这样?原因很简单,这是资本主义的本质特征决定的:私有制和市场化必然会导致财富集中在少数人手中,没有大多数人的相对贫穷,怎么会有极少数人垄断大多数社会财富的极端不公平现象发生呢?资本主义的最大问题不在于能否推动生产力发展,而是在于他的发展目标首先是为了资本实现利润,整个制度都是围绕资本实现利润最大化来设计的,而不是为了公平的实现人和社会的发展。资本主义表面上虽然披一张标有“自由平等博爱”或盖有“民主人权自由”的标签,但是在制度设计上还是以达尔文的进化论为指导原则的,优胜劣汰,恃强凌弱,最符合资本控制者的利益。所谓优胜劣汰的结果,就是资本和财富日益集中到少数人手里。中国十三亿人口,如果按照西方的发展模式发达,一是地球资源无法承受,而是最终还是极少数人实现富裕。
2、中国在全球体系中的地位决定中国无法复制西方道路实现发达。
要模仿西方实现发达,那就必须有能力抢劫别人。美国可以抢劫别人,是美国凭借较早进入工业文明的先发优势、得天独厚的地理位置和地缘政治环境,并且抓住了二战后千载难逢的历史机遇,并借此建立了有利于他们的规则体系和国际秩序。中国有美国那样优越的地缘政治环境吗?中国有美国那样的先发优势吗?中国现在有美国二战后那样的历史机遇吗?开放后,中国积极加入各种国际组织,曾经为了加入世贸做出了那么大让步,发展到现在,也不过仅仅是加入了人家的规则体系,对于规则制定根本还没有话语权可言。加入西方国家制定规则的国际体系,还想去抢劫别人?不被人家抢的家底一干二净就不错了。美国可以依靠美元的储备地位口手套白狼,我们的人民币可以这样做吗?倒是我们用自己的优质资源收获了不少美国印刷的美元然后投资回美国。美国现在依靠四处借贷来维持运转,庞大的债务利息已经构成美国的沉重负担了,赖账不还是美国唯一选择,中国可以模仿美国到处借钱然后欠债不还吗?美国这样的方式,有可复制性吗?能够借鉴吗?
不只是中国如此,后发的大多数国家,也无法通过西方发达国家采用的发展模式实现发达。不要说日本,日本战前就是工业强国,其二战之后只是恢复。也不要提什么亚洲四小龙,亚洲四小龙均属于规模较小的国家和地区,小的经济体可以依附某一个大国或者利用自己的区位优势,靠集中发展几个产业就可以带动经济的整体发展,比如香港是作为改革前中国唯一对外交流窗口依靠转口贸易发达起来的,新加坡是因为位于马六甲海峡的咽喉,这两个地方都是依靠得天独厚的区位优势而得以发展;韩国和台湾是依附美国而发展起来的。但是对于中国这样大的国家而言,四小龙的成功经验就没法借鉴,中国这样一个大国,没人可以依附,也无法通过集中全力发展几个产业就能带动整体发展,中国必须建立自己的独立齐全的工业体系。这方面可以多看看俄罗斯,俄罗斯全盘西化想融入西方体系求得发展,结果是至今不被接纳,西化的结果是原有的工业体系基本毁掉,时间过去了二十年,经济也没有恢复到苏联时期的水平。目前的俄罗斯经济结构严重畸形,主要凭自然资源禀赋,依赖出卖资源为主要收入来源了。中国如果也学俄罗斯全盘西化,结局还不如俄罗斯,毕竟中国没有俄罗斯那么丰富的资源却有多于其好几倍的人口需要养活。
3、西方强国自身也陷入空前危机,至少到目前还在金融危机泥潭中不能自拔,这本身不足与成为中国学习的榜样。
从08年开始,西方主要资本主义国家陷入由美国次债引发的金融危机,至今事件已经过去差不多两年,不但没有从危机中走出来,反而不同国家开始陷入主权债务危机,主权债务危机的导火索是美国的次债危机演变成的金融危机,属于金融危机的第二个阶段,第一个阶段是金融机构的经营出现困难,各国政府出手挽救和接管这些大到不能倒的金融机构,让金融机构的企业债务变成国家的主权债务,这样金融危机就进入第二个阶段。而且,这次陷入主权债务危机的国家名单上有处于资本主义心脏地带欧元区的几个国家,潜在的面临债务压力的主权国家基本涵盖整个发达经济体。发达国家的债务占GDP的比重已飙升了近21个百分点,美国外债占GDP的比重将达116%,英国外债规模已达到其经济总量的4倍左右,据预测,2011年日本全国债务累计总额将达950万亿日元,为国内生产总值(GDP)的200%。IMF警告,二十国集团中的发达经济体到2014年的政府债务水平可能达到GDP的118%,也就是和现在希腊差不多的水平。穆迪公司已先后多次发出警告,称多个目前拥有AAA最高信贷评级国家,未来几年可能持续面临财政危机。统计数据显示,全球政府负债已突破35万亿美元,占全球经济总量六成左右。不少发达国家财政赤字占GDP的比重超过了10%,明显高于3%的国际警戒线。与以前的危机不同,这次危机危及的是资本主义运转赖以生存的信用基础,而且是信用体系中的最后支撑——国家信用。一旦国家信用都不可靠了,那么建立在这个基础之上的其他信用也荡然无存,没有了信用,资本主义如何运转。这样的资本主义,我们怎么敢去学?学了之后会有什么好结果。
四、中国全盘西化,全面复制西方发展模式的可能结果 全盘西化,就是全面实行资本主义,即在经济上全面实行私有化,政治上则搞多党制和三权分立为基本特征的西方政治体制。全盘西化,是中国的既得利益集团和所谓民主精英的梦想。全盘西化会给中国带来什么?富强文明还是其他?看看曾经也是社会主义国家的苏联和东欧国家的今昔比较。苏联搞全盘西化最大的失败是让苏联分崩离析,这也是西方最希望中国发生的结果。俄罗斯全盘西化的结果是,全盘西化十年之后的2001年,俄罗斯国内生产总值大约为3000亿美元,是1991年苏联解体前的十分之一,远远不及苏联时期的俄罗斯经济规模。1992至1998,俄罗斯国内生产总值累计下降40%,到90年代末,俄罗斯国民收入下降了50%以上,工业生产下降50%,消费价格上涨6,168倍,居民实际货币收入下降55%,私有化的结果是迅速导致社会财富集中到少数人手中。1998年金融危机爆发之时,前苏联各共和国生活在贫困线以下的人数就已经从1989年的1,400万增加到了1.47亿,俄罗斯人的平均寿命骤然缩短。打着经济私有化和政治民主化口号的全盘西化,本质却是在利用私有化来造就千万人陷入贫困,同时让少数人以火箭速度暴富,这和抢劫本质没有丝毫区别。英国记者索马斯·米尔恩曾这样评述:“这些变化与其说是打开了通向解放之门的道路,倒不如是把大多数公民引向了一贫如洗的道路,并导致了在和平时期使一个工业化国家经济崩溃的史无前例的事件发生。在改革的旗帜和美国所开出的休克疗法药方的指引下,改革变成了一场浩劫。”全盘西化非但没有让俄罗斯实现政治清明,反而让俄罗斯腐败更加猖獗并且失控,2002年,俄罗斯在被重点调查的91个国家中排名第11位,被列入“最腐败国家名单”。
与前苏联和俄罗斯通过休克方式向资本主义过渡不同,中国采取渐进式方式慢慢借鉴西方国家的很多机制和做法,结果是什么呢?我们在得到了一个可观的GDP数字的同时,私有化和市场化给我们送来了贫富悬殊和两极分化,给我们送来了腐败全面失控,给我们送来了黄赌毒泛滥,给我们带来了环境污染和资源透支,给我们送来了假冒伪劣大行其道,给我们老百姓带来了教育、医疗、住房、养老几个沉重的包袱,给我们带来了金钱至上笑贫不笑娼的社会风气,现在中国到处充斥着道德沦丧和价值观缺失。不过好在中国还没有如前苏联和俄罗斯那样搞全盘西化,所以相比较前苏联终止社会主义制度马上导致联盟分崩离析,相比较前南斯拉夫一搞全盘西化立即导致不同民族之间的互相屠戮和战争频仍,中国的命运相对还好那么一点点。但是中国的既得利益集团和西方反华势力还嫌不满足,还在不遗余力的传销西方制度,为了一己之私唯恐中国不早日坠落深渊。
无论是渐进式西化,还是全盘西化,结果都是财富集中到少数人手中,腐败问题都没有因此减轻,可见西方制度对于腐败并没有很好的办法,却能够挑拨民族矛盾增加内部冲突引发社会动荡。如果中国全盘西化,可能会出现三种结果:一种是真正发达如西方诸强,奥巴马真心话已经佐证此路很难,属于小概率的可能性事件;一种是中国如前苏联和南斯拉夫那样,中国和苏联及南斯拉夫一样,都存在着不同民族之间的矛盾,藏独疆独近年来有猖獗之势,如果全盘西化,不同政治派系的斗争势必会引发民族内部族群对立,不同民族之间矛盾加剧,很容易导致出现国家分崩离析,看看苏东地区的苏联、南斯拉夫,捷克斯洛伐克,出现这种情况的概率可不低;还有一种可能就是如泰国和吉尔吉斯斯坦那样,国家长期陷入政治纷争,社会安定也难以保障,经济发展很难希冀。
五、中国的发达之路在哪里?
既然资本主义的发展模式无法让中国真正发达,那么中国通向未来希望的路在哪呢?先用排除法来求解这个问题的答案。人类社会迄今为止经历过和探索过的社会制度,主要有原始社会、奴隶社会,封建社会,资本主义社会和社会主义社会,前三种与现代文明背离太远,不可能选择,资本主义让中国富裕发达的可能性奥巴马总统已经给了明确提示了,原因我们也在前面分析了,那么只有一种选择,那就是走社会主义之路,也就是被很多精英污蔑和毁谤过的社会主义,现在是到了给社会主义正名的时候了。
社会主义作为一种新的社会制度,从诞生之日起,就不断的受到污蔑。从苏联建立第一个社会主义政权开始,已经探索了接近百年。到苏东剧变,社会主义遭遇重大挫折,西方学者就急不可耐的推出历史终结论,把资本主义鼓吹为人类的终极社会形态,污蔑社会主义的舆论甚嚣尘上,污蔑社会主义的浊浪就没有停息过。从苏联社会主义到中国毛时代的社会主义,再到现在的朝鲜和古巴,甚至还包括委内瑞拉查韦斯进行的包含社会主义因素的社会改革,无不竭尽全力猛泼污水。在这种泛滥的CNN手法宣传之下,很多人对社会主义充满误解,明明是追求社会公平的社会主义却被污蔑为反人性的制度,而实行动物法则的资本主义却被包装成人性社会。颠倒的社会,丑不再为丑,美也不成其美了,鼓吹自私可以理直气壮,宣传无私竟被百般污蔑。
苏联时期的经济发展取得了辉煌成就。成立社会主义政权之前的俄罗斯,不过是一个农业国家,生产力水平远远落后于英美法德等欧美强国。苏联“一五”时期工业平均每年增长22%,而同期资本主义世界正爆发经济大危机,美国工业下降了44%(只有原来的56%),英国下降了20%,德国下降了45%。到1932年,苏联工业的规模已经超过了欧洲资本主义国家,苏联由农业国变成了工业国。苏联的经济增长速度一直快于同时期的美国,即便是被民主逗士们说成是苏联经济陷入困难的最后一个时期,从1981-1989年苏联的国民生总值平均每年增长3.6%以上,也是快于同时期美国的2.9%。而且,1989年,苏联许久重要工农业产品产量超过美国。苏联出现问题不在于经济,而在于党内出现了修正主义集团,为了私利和既得利益不被清算而让苏联走向西化。倒是如前面所述的俄罗斯全面实行私有化和市场化之后的经济发展惨不忍睹,二者之间形成鲜明对比。
一九四九年,刚建国的中国一穷二白、人均资产仅10元,战争还在继续,毛泽东领导的新政府到五二年,在短短的三年内将中国的工业生产恢复到历史最高水平(俄罗斯搞私有化用了20年都没恢复)。而后,中国的国民收入从1952年的600亿元增加到1978年的3000亿元,25年间增加了4倍。中国的工业革命是在毛时代完成的,而且是在极其恶劣的外部环境中完成的。49年的中国还是农业国,工业占国民生产总值的30%,农业产值占64%;到1975年,工业占国家经济生产的72%,农业则仅占28%了。上世纪50年代初,中国的工业规模还不如小国比利时,而到1975年,中国已成为世界上第六大工业国。一九四九年,中国很多日常用品都依赖进口,当时有 “洋钉”,“洋火”、“洋油”、“洋灯”、“洋布”等,而到1976年,中国已经建立起可以制造从喷气式飞机、运载火箭到工业成套设备和所有农业机械无所不能造的独立齐全的工业体系。不只是工业取得了辉煌成就,而且农业方面也打下了坚实基础。我们就从农业增收三要素——农田水利,种子和化肥——说起:毛时代用27年时期,利用农业集体化的优势,大兴农田水利建立,修建了几万座水库,还有数不清的沟渠河道,为从整体上改变靠天吃饭的农业现状打下了基础,改革后三十年的农业发展还是基本以利用毛时代的农田水利为主;在良种方面进行了很多科技攻关,其中最有代表性的就是1974年搞成功的杂交水稻技术,为我们这个把大米作为最主要主粮的国家吃饱饭打下重要基础;中国的化肥工业是毛时代奠定的,特别是利用1972年美国总统尼克松访华形成的中美关系缓和的有利时机,从1973年开始从国外进口13套大型化肥生产设备,为七十年代末农业开始广泛使用化肥奠定了又一个重要基础。粮食要增产,这三要素必须齐备。正是因为毛时代在农业增产三要素做出的不懈努力,才让我们在70年代末让粮食产量有了飞升的可能。如果现在粮食生产不用化肥,产量至少要减少一半。更不用说农田水利和良种所起的增产因素了。
社会主义制度最可贵之处还不在于能够推动经济较快发展,更在于能够为人民提供公平的分配机制和社会福利。比如古巴,甚至被民主逗士们污蔑了三十年的朝鲜,他们至今还在坚持给老百姓提供全面福利,也就是我们经常说的五大福利制度,他们国家的老百姓房子是福利分配的,不用做房奴;孩子上学学费是免交的,不用做孩奴,有病是公费医疗,不用做病奴;老了,有完善的养老体系实现老有所养,不用跟我们现在这样大街上流浪着那么多老年乞讨者,也不用跟欧盟国家那样需要工作到67岁才可以退休;国家保证充分就业,不会出现大批的下岗和失业人员。
根据以上分析,尽管社会主义还处于探索初期,没有经验可以借鉴,在实践中难免会出现失误,但是社会主义还是表现出了对于经济发展的巨大推动作用,表现出了比资本主义更快的发展速度,而且是体现人性关怀和讲究公平的发展。
六、社会主义和资本主义两条道路斗争的实质
资本主义和社会主义两条道路的斗争,成为贯穿世界近代史发展进程的一条主线。自从马克思创立科学社会主义理论以来,社会主义就不只是作为一种理论,而是作为一种社会实践模式,在同资本主义的社会制度之间进行斗争,而且,资本主义和社会主义并非只是两个主义的论辩之争,而是利益分配和发展模式之争。马克思的所有学说追求的目标可以归结为两个字:公平,资本主义的所有学说追求的目标也可以归结为两个字:利润。前者是指追求社会整体的公平,后者却是指少数资本控制者的利润最大化追求。不用多做解释,就知道社会公平和资本家的利润之间存在着根本矛盾和冲突。指望资本主义能够实现社会公平,无异于与虎谋皮,实现社会公平必然要损害资本的分配份额。一个致力于实现公平的制度,是无法满足资本对资本追逐的贪婪需求的。社会主义和资本主义的斗争,本质就是社会公平和资本利润之间不可调和矛盾的体现。也正是这个原因,自从科学社会主义理论诞生以来,资本集团,资本控制的政权就视社会主义为洪水猛兽,不惜竭尽所能的发动一切资源去限制和颠覆社会主义。
正如资本主义的维护者所说的那样,资本主义已经不是马克思所处时代的资本主义,现在的资本主义已经加上了自由民主的包装,如同资本主义维护者也给自己披上了民主人权卫士的外衣一样。资本目前还掌控着主要的宣传机器,享有世界范围内的媒体话语权,利用这些资源,资本主义通过精巧设计的宣传,持续几十年的在做着一件事情,把资本主义包装成自由主义,用形式的民主来掩盖资本的本质。谎言重复一千次就成了真理,几十年如一日的洗脑式宣传,让很多人误以为资本主义真的是自由民主模式。无论包装有民主还是自由的标签,资本主义终究是资本主义,终究是贫富悬殊的私有制社会,终究是资本控制权力控制媒体的社会,也不会变成什么民主,贫富悬殊的金钱社会,财富的不平等,怎么可能有权利和地位的真正平等呢,结果的不平等,起跑线的不平等,也意味着机会的不平等。想让中国全盘西化的人主要有两类,一类是已经通过改革获取巨大非法利益的既得利益集团及其帮手,让中国全盘西化是想学苏俄那样的变革从而让资本原罪不复存在;一类是梦想削弱中国打断中国崛起进程的反华势力及其培养的代言人,这帮人让中国走资本主义道路的目的是让想中国变成前苏联和南斯拉夫,或者变成泰国、吉尔吉斯斯坦、伊拉克等国家,前者能让中国分裂,一劳永逸的消除中国对西方强国和现行国家秩序的威胁和挑战,后者能够让中国陷入混乱,使中国短期内很难得到发展。目前很多迹象表明,这两股势力已经同流合污,很多时候已经在联手运作,能让中华民族陷入万劫不复深渊的就是这两类人,他们是中华民族最凶恶也是最伪善的敌人。
二〇一〇年七月九日
第三篇:奥巴马对利比亚
美国总统奥巴马就利比亚局势发表全国电视讲话全文中英文视频MP3President Obama's Speech on Libya
Explaining his decision to authorize the use of U.S.military force as part of international operations in Libya, President Barack Obama said Monday night that the United States must act when its interests and values are threatened.The president ruled out seeking regime change in Libya through military means, but he said the United States and other nations will continue to seek Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi's departure.Listen to President Obama's Speech on Libya:
Tonight, I’d like to update the American people on the international effort that we have led in Libya-what we’ve done, what we plan to do, and why this matters to us.I want to begin by paying tribute to our men and women in uniform who, once again, have acted with courage, professionalism and patriotism.They have moved with incredible speed and strength.Because of them and our dedicated diplomats, a coalition has been forged and countless lives have been saved.Meanwhile, as we speak, our troops are supporting our ally Japan, leaving Iraq to its people, stopping the Taliban’s momentum in Afghanistan, and going after al Qaeda all across the globe.As Commander-in-Chief, I’m grateful to our soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, Coast Guardsmen, and to their families.And I know all Americans share in that sentiment.For generations, the United States of America has played a unique role as an anchor of global security and as an advocate for human freedom.Mindful of the risks and costs of military action, we are naturally reluctant to use force to solve the world’s many challenges.But when our interests and values are at stake, we have a responsibility to act.That’s what happened in Libya over the course of these last six weeks.Libya sits directly between Tunisia and Egypt-– two nations that inspired the world when their people rose up to take control of their own destiny.For more than four decades, the Libyan people have been ruled by a tyrant-– Muammar Qaddafi.He has denied his people freedom, exploited their wealth, murdered opponents at home and abroad, and terrorized innocent people around the world –-including Americans who were killed by Libyan agents.Last month, Qaddafi’s grip of fear appeared to give way to the promise of freedom.In cities and towns across the country, Libyans took to the streets to claim their basic human rights.As one Libyan said, “For the first time we finally have hope that our nightmare of 40 years will soon be over.”
Faced with this opposition, Qaddafi began attacking his people.As President, my immediate concern was the safety of our citizens, so we evacuated our embassy and all Americans who
sought our assistance.Then we took a series of swift steps in a matter of days to answer Qaddafi’s aggression.We froze more than $33 billion of Qaddafi’s regime’s assets.Joining with other nations at the United Nations Security Council, we broadened our sanctions, imposed an arms embargo, and enabled Qaddafi and those around him to be held accountable for their crimes.I made it clear that Qaddafi had lost the confidence of his people and the legitimacy to lead, and I said that he needed to step down from power.In the face of the world’s condemnation, Qaddafi chose to escalate his attacks, launching a military campaign against the Libyan people.Innocent people were targeted for killing.Hospitals and ambulances were attacked.Journalists were arrested, sexually assaulted, and killed.Supplies of food and fuel were choked off.Water for hundreds of thousands of people in Misurata was shut off.Cities and towns were shelled, mosques were destroyed, and apartment buildings reduced to rubble.Military jets and helicopter gunships were unleashed upon people who had no means to defend themselves against assaults from the air.Confronted by this brutal repression and a looming humanitarian crisis, I ordered warships into the Mediterranean.European allies declared their willingness to commit resources to stop the killing.The Libyan opposition and the Arab League appealed to the world to save lives in Libya.And so at my direction, America led an effort with our allies at the United Nations Security Council to pass a historic resolution that authorized a no-fly zone to stop the regime’s attacks from the air, and further authorized all necessary measures to protect the Libyan people.Ten days ago, having tried to end the violence without using force, the international community offered Qaddafi a final chance to stop his campaign of killing, or face the consequences.Rather than stand down, his forces continued their advance, bearing down on the city of Benghazi, home to nearly 700,000 men, women and children who sought their freedom from fear.At this point, the United States and the world faced a choice.Qaddafi declared he would show “no mercy” to his own people.He compared them to rats, and threatened to go door to door to inflict punishment.In the past, we have seen him hang civilians in the streets, and kill over a thousand people in a single day.Now we saw regime forces on the outskirts of the city.We knew that if we wanted--if we waited one more day, Benghazi, a city nearly the size of Charlotte, could suffer a massacre that would have reverberated across the region and stained the conscience of the world.It was not in our national interest to let that happen.I refused to let that happen.And so nine days ago, after consulting the bipartisan leadership of Congress, I authorized military action to stop the killing and enforce U.N.Security Council Resolution 1973.We struck regime forces approaching Benghazi to save that city and the people within it.We hit Qaddafi’s troops in neighboring Ajdabiya, allowing the opposition to drive them out.We hit Qaddafi’s air defenses, which paved the way for a no-fly zone.We targeted tanks and military assets that had been choking off towns and cities, and we cut off much of their source of supply.And tonight, I can report that we have stopped Qaddafi’s deadly advance.In this effort, the United States has not acted alone.Instead, we have been joined by a strong and growing coalition.This includes our closest allies-– nations like the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Spain, Greece, and Turkey –-all of whom have fought by our sides for decades.And it includes Arab partners like Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, who have chosen to meet their responsibilities to defend the Libyan people.To summarize, then: In just one month, the United States has worked with our international partners to mobilize a broad coalition, secure an international mandate to protect civilians, stop an advancing army, prevent a massacre, and establish a no-fly zone with our allies and partners.To lend some perspective on how rapidly this military and diplomatic response came together, when people were being brutalized in Bosnia in the 1990s, it took the international community more than a year to intervene with air power to protect civilians.It took us 31 days.Moreover, we’ve accomplished these objectives consistent with the pledge that I made to the American people at the outset of our military operations.I said that America’s role would be limited;that we would not put ground troops into Libya;that we would focus our unique capabilities on the front end of the operation and that we would transfer responsibility to our allies and partners.Tonight, we are fulfilling that pledge.Our most effective alliance, NATO, has taken command of the enforcement of the arms embargo and the no-fly zone.Last night, NATO decided to take on the additional responsibility of protecting Libyan civilians.This transfer from the United States to NATO will take place on Wednesday.Going forward, the lead in enforcing the no-fly zone and protecting civilians on the ground will transition to our allies and partners, and I am fully confident that our coalition will keep the pressure on Qaddafi’s remaining forces.In that effort, the United States will play a supporting role--including intelligence, logistical support, search and rescue assistance, and capabilities to jam regime communications.Because of this transition to a broader, NATO-based coalition, the risk and cost of this operation--to our military and to American taxpayers--will be reduced significantly.So for those who doubted our capacity to carry out this operation, I want to be clear: The United States of America has done what we said we would do.That’s not to say that our work is complete.In addition to our NATO responsibilities, we will work with the international community to provide assistance to the people of Libya, who need food for the hungry and medical care for the wounded.We will safeguard the more than $33 billion that was frozen from the Qaddafi regime so that it’s available to rebuild Libya.After all, the money doesn’t belong to Qaddafi or to us--it belongs to the Libyan people.And we’ll make sure they receive it.Tomorrow, Secretary Clinton will go to London, where she will meet with the Libyan opposition and consult with more than 30 nations.These discussions will focus on what kind of political effort is necessary to pressure Qaddafi, while also supporting a transition to the future that the
Libyan people deserve--because while our military mission is narrowly focused on saving lives, we continue to pursue the broader goal of a Libya that belongs not to a dictator, but to its people.Now, despite the success of our efforts over the past week, I know that some Americans continue to have questions about our efforts in Libya.Qaddafi has not yet stepped down from power, and until he does, Libya will remain dangerous.Moreover, even after Qaddafi does leave power, 40 years of tyranny has left Libya fractured and without strong civil institutions.The transition to a legitimate government that is responsive to the Libyan people will be a difficult task.And while the United States will do our part to help, it will be a task for the international community and –-more importantly –-a task for the Libyan people themselves.In fact, much of the debate in Washington has put forward a false choice when it comes to Libya.On the one hand, some question why America should intervene at all-– even in limited ways –-in this distant land.They argue that there are many places in the world where innocent civilians face brutal violence at the hands of their government, and America should not be expected to police the world, particularly when we have so many pressing needs here at home.It’s true that America cannot use our military wherever repression occurs.And given the costs and risks of intervention, we must always measure our interests against the need for action.But that cannot be an argument for never acting on behalf of what’s right.In this particular country-– Libya--at this particular moment, we were faced with the prospect of violence on a horrific scale.We had a unique ability to stop that violence: an international mandate for action, a broad coalition prepared to join us, the support of Arab countries, and a plea for help from the Libyan people themselves.We also had the ability to stop Qaddafi’s forces in their tracks without putting American troops on the ground.To brush aside America’s responsibility as a leader and-– more profoundly-– our responsibilities to our fellow human beings under such circumstances would have been a betrayal of who we are.Some nations may be able to turn a blind eye to atrocities in other countries.The United States of America is different.And as President, I refused to wait for the images of slaughter and mass graves before taking action.Moreover, America has an important strategic interest in preventing Qaddafi from overrunning those who oppose him.A massacre would have driven thousands of additional refugees across Libya’s borders, putting enormous strains on the peaceful –-yet fragile-– transitions in Egypt and Tunisia.The democratic impulses that are dawning across the region would be eclipsed by the darkest form of dictatorship, as repressive leaders concluded that violence is the best strategy to cling to power.The writ of the United Nations Security Council would have been shown to be little more than empty words, crippling that institution’s future credibility to uphold global peace and security.So while I will never minimize the costs involved in military action, I am convinced that a failure to act in Libya would have carried a far greater price for America.Now, just as there are those who have argued against intervention in Libya, there are others who have suggested that we broaden our military mission beyond the task of protecting the Libyan
people, and do whatever it takes to bring down Qaddafi and usher in a new government.Of course, there is no question that Libya-– and the world –-would be better off with Qaddafi out of power.I, along with many other world leaders, have embraced that goal, and will actively pursue it through non-military means.But broadening our military mission to include regime change would be a mistake.The task that I assigned our forces-– to protect the Libyan people from immediate danger, and to establish a no-fly zone-– carries with it a U.N.mandate and international support.It’s also what the Libyan opposition asked us to do.If we tried to overthrow Qaddafi by force, our coalition would splinter.We would likely have to put U.S.troops on the ground to accomplish that mission, or risk killing many civilians from the air.The dangers faced by our men and women in uniform would be far greater.So would the costs and our share of the responsibility for what comes next.To be blunt, we went down that road in Iraq.Thanks to the extraordinary sacrifices of our troops and the determination of our diplomats, we are hopeful about Iraq’s future.But regime change there took eight years, thousands of American and Iraqi lives, and nearly a trillion dollars.That is not something we can afford to repeat in Libya.As the bulk of our military effort ratchets down, what we can do--and will do--is support the aspirations of the Libyan people.We have intervened to stop a massacre, and we will work with our allies and partners to maintain the safety of civilians.We will deny the regime arms, cut off its supplies of cash, assist the opposition, and work with other nations to hasten the day when Qaddafi leaves power.It may not happen overnight, as a badly weakened Qaddafi tries desperately to hang on to power.But it should be clear to those around Qaddafi, and to every Libyan, that history is not on Qaddafi’s side.With the time and space that we have provided for the Libyan people, they will be able to determine their own destiny, and that is how it should be.Let me close by addressing what this action says about the use of America’s military power, and America’s broader leadership in the world, under my presidency.As Commander-in-Chief, I have no greater responsibility than keeping this country safe.And no decision weighs on me more than when to deploy our men and women in uniform.I’ve made it clear that I will never hesitate to use our military swiftly, decisively, and unilaterally when necessary to defend our people, our homeland, our allies and our core interests.That's why we’re going after al Qaeda wherever they seek a foothold.That is why we continue to fight in Afghanistan, even as we have ended our combat mission in Iraq and removed more than 100,000 troops from that country.There will be times, though, when our safety is not directly threatened, but our interests and our values are.Sometimes, the course of history poses challenges that threaten our common humanity and our common security-– responding to natural disasters, for example;or preventing genocide and keeping the peace;ensuring regional security, and maintaining the flow of commerce.These may not be America’s problems alone, but they are important to us.They’re problems worth
solving.And in these circumstances, we know that the United States, as the world’s most powerful nation, will often be called upon to help.In such cases, we should not be afraid to act-– but the burden of action should not be America’s alone.As we have in Libya, our task is instead to mobilize the international community for collective action.Because contrary to the claims of some, American leadership is not simply a matter of going it alone and bearing all of the burden ourselves.Real leadership creates the conditions and coalitions for others to step up as well;to work with allies and partners so that they bear their share of the burden and pay their share of the costs;and to see that the principles of justice and human dignity are upheld by all.That’s the kind of leadership we’ve shown in Libya.Of course, even when we act as part of a coalition, the risks of any military action will be high.Those risks were realized when one of our planes malfunctioned over Libya.Yet when one of our airmen parachuted to the ground, in a country whose leader has so often demonized the United States –-in a region that has such a difficult history with our country –-this American did not find enemies.Instead, he was met by people who embraced him.One young Libyan who came to his aid said, “We are your friends.We are so grateful to those men who are protecting the skies.”
This voice is just one of many in a region where a new generation is refusing to be denied their rights and opportunities any longer.Yes, this change will make the world more complicated for a time.Progress will be uneven, and change will come differently to different countries.There are places, like Egypt, where this change will inspire us and raise our hopes.And then there will be places, like Iran, where change is fiercely suppressed.The dark forces of civil conflict and sectarian war will have to be averted, and difficult political and economic concerns will have to be addressed.The United States will not be able to dictate the pace and scope of this change.Only the people of the region can do that.But we can make a difference.I believe that this movement of change cannot be turned back, and that we must stand alongside those who believe in the same core principles that have guided us through many storms: our opposition to violence directed at one’s own people;our support for a set of universal rights, including the freedom for people to express themselves and choose their leaders;our support for governments that are ultimately responsive to the aspirations of the people.Born, as we are, out of a revolution by those who longed to be free, we welcome the fact that history is on the move in the Middle East and North Africa, and that young people are leading the way.Because wherever people long to be free, they will find a friend in the United States.Ultimately, it is that faith--those ideals--that are the true measure of American leadership.My fellow Americans, I know that at a time of upheaval overseas--when the news is filled with conflict and change--it can be tempting to turn away from the world.And as I’ve said before, our
strength abroad is anchored in our strength here at home.That must always be our North Star--the ability of our people to reach their potential, to make wise choices with our resources, to enlarge the prosperity that serves as a wellspring for our power, and to live the values that we hold so dear.But let us also remember that for generations, we have done the hard work of protecting our own people, as well as millions around the globe.We have done so because we know that our own future is safer, our own future is brighter, if more of mankind can live with the bright light of freedom and dignity.Tonight, let us give thanks for the Americans who are serving through these trying times, and the coalition that is carrying our effort forward.And let us look to the future with confidence and hope not only for our own country, but for all those yearning for freedom around the world.Thank you.God bless you, and may God bless the United States of America.(Ap
晚上好,我想在今晚就我们在利比亚所作出的国际努力向美国人民提供最新情况:我们已作了什么、我们计划采取什么措施、以及为什么它对我们很重要。
我想在讲话开始的时候向我们的男女军人表示感谢,他们的行动再次展现了勇气、职业精神、爱国主义。他们行动的速度和力量令人难以置信。由于他们和我们外交官的专注努力,一个联盟得以组建,无数生命得以挽救。与此同时,就在我们发言的时候,我们的部队正在支援我们的盟友日本,把伊拉克交还给伊拉克人民、在阿富汗制止塔利班的攻势、在全球范围内追捕基地组织成员。作为美军总司令,我和全体美国人一起对我们的陆军士兵、海军士兵、空军士兵、海军陆战队员、海岸警卫队队员和他们的家人表示感谢。
作为全球安全的基石和人类自由的拥护者,美国在过去数十年里一直发挥着独特的作用。考虑到军事行动的风险和费用,很自然的,我们不太愿意使用武力来解决世界面临的许多挑战。但是当我们的利益和价值遇到危险时,我们有采取行动的责任。这就是利比亚在过去六周所发生的事情。
利比亚位于突尼斯和埃及之间,突尼斯和埃及人民站出来掌握自己命运的行动使世界受到鼓舞。在过去四十多年里,利比亚人民一直被一个暴君统治着,他就是卡扎菲。他剥夺了人民的自由,剥削他们的财富,杀害国内外的反对者、恐吓世界各地的无辜民众,其中包括被利比亚特工杀害的美国人。
上个月,卡扎菲的恐怖统治似乎将让位于对自由的承诺。利比亚人走上全国各地城镇街头,要求获得基本人权。正如一位利比亚人所说的那样:“我们终于可以希望,我们四十年的恶梦将很快结束。这是我们第一次有这样的希望。”
卡扎菲在遭遇反对后开始攻击自己的人民。作为总统,我立即担心的是我们公民的安全,所以我们撤离了我们的使馆工作人员和所有寻求我们帮助的美国人。我们随后在数天内采取了快速的行动以应对卡扎菲的行动。我们冻结了330多亿美元的卡扎菲政权资产。我们和联合国安理会成员国合作扩大了针对利比亚的制裁措施,对利比亚实施了武器禁运,使卡扎菲
及其身边人士将为他们的行为付出代价。我明确表示,卡扎菲已失去了利比亚人民的信任,失去了领导的合法性。我说,他需要下台。
在面对世界的谴责时,卡扎菲选择升级他的攻击行动,对利比亚人民采取了军事打击行动。无辜人士遭到故意杀害,医院和救护车遭到攻击,记者们遭到逮捕、性侵犯和杀害。食品和燃料的供应被切断,供应米苏拉塔数十万居民的水设施被关掉。城镇遭到炮击,清真寺被毁,公寓楼变成一片废墟。卡扎菲动用军用飞机和武装直升机来攻击那些没有办法保护自身免遭空中袭击的平民。
在出现这种残暴的镇压,一场人道主义危机也隐约出现的时候,我下令海军舰只进入地中海。欧洲盟国表示愿意提供资源以制止杀戮。利比亚反对派和阿拉伯联盟呼吁世界采取行动以挽救利比亚的生命。在我的指示下,美国和我们在联合国安理会的盟国一起促使安理会通过一项具有历史意义的决议案。决议案授权在利比亚建立禁飞区以制止卡扎菲政权从空中发动袭击,它还进一步授权采取所有必要措施以保护利比亚人民。
在十天前,曾试图通过不动用武力来结束暴力的国际社会向卡扎菲提供了停止杀戮行动或者面临严峻后果的最后机会。卡扎菲的部队不但没有停止行动,而且还继续推进,逼近班加西。班加西有近70万男人、女人和儿童,他们试图获得免受恐惧的自由。
在这个时刻,美国和世界面临一个选择。卡扎菲宣布,他将对自己的人民“毫不留情”。他把他们比作老鼠,威胁要挨家挨户地进行惩罚。我们在过去曾目睹他在大街上吊死平民,在一天之内就杀死了一千多人。现在,我们看到卡扎菲政府军出现在班加西郊外。我们知道,如果我们再多等待一天,在班加西-这个几乎与夏洛特面积相等的城市将会发生大屠杀事件,大屠杀事件将会对整个地区产生影响,使世界的良知蒙上污点。
让那样的事情发生不符合我们的国家利益,我拒绝让那样的事情发生。所以在九天前,在与国会两党领导层进行磋商后,我授权对利比亚采取军事行动以制止杀戮,强制执行联合国安理会第1973号决议案。我们打击了逼近班加西的卡扎菲政府军,保护了班加西和班加西的居民。我们在邻近的艾季达比耶打击了卡扎菲的部队,使反对派武装能够把他们驱逐出去。我们打击了利比亚的防空系统,为建立禁飞区铺平了道路。我们打击了一直在封锁城镇的利比亚坦克和军事目标,我们切断了卡扎菲政府军的大部分后勤供应。今晚,我可以报告称,我们已制止了卡扎菲部队的推进。
美国不是独自进行这一努力的。相反,我们有一个强大而且不断壮大的联盟,它包括与我们关系最为密切的盟国-诸如英国、法国、加拿大、丹麦、挪威、意大利、西班牙、希腊、土耳其等国。所有这些国家在过去数十年里一直与我们并肩作战。联盟中也包括像卡塔尔和阿联酋这样的阿拉伯盟友,它们选择担负起保护利比亚人民的责任。
让我们总结一下:仅仅用了一个月的时间,美国和我们的国际盟友就合作动员了一个范围扩大的联盟,获得了保护平民的国际授权,制止了一支正在推进的军队,防止了大屠杀,和我们的盟国和伙伴建立了禁飞区。为了让人们了解这一军事和外交行动是如此的迅速,我们可以回忆一下二十世纪九十年代的波斯尼亚。当波斯尼亚的人民生活在恐怖状态时,国际社会花了一年多的时间才决定动用空中力量来进行干涉以保护平民。
此外,这些目标是与我在军事行动开始时向美国人民的承诺相一致的情况下实现的。我当时称,美国在军事行动中的作用将是有限的,我们将不会向利比亚派地面部队,我们将把我们的独特能力聚焦于行动的开始阶段,我们将向我们的盟友和伙伴移交责任。今晚,我们正在兑现这些承诺。
我们最有效的联盟北约已接管了强制执行武器禁运和禁飞区任务的指挥权。北约昨晚决定进一步承担保护利比亚平民的责任。美国将于周三向北约移交指挥权。执行禁飞区、保护地面平民的主导权将转交给我们的盟国和伙伴。我完全相信,我们的联盟将加大对卡扎菲残余部队的压力。美国将在这一方面发挥支持性作用,其中包括情报、后勤支援、搜索和营救援助、干扰卡扎菲政权通讯的能力。由于行动已转交给一个更为广泛、基于北约的联盟,对于我们的军队和美国纳税人来说,军事行动的风险和费用将大大降低。
对于那些曾怀疑我们执行这一行动能力的人,我想明确表示:美国已兑现了它的承诺。
这并不是说我们的工作已经完成。除了我们的北约责任外,我们将继续与国际社会合作,以便向利比亚人民提供援助。饥饿的利比亚人需要食品,伤者需要得到医治。我们将确保卡扎菲政权遭冻结的330多亿美元的资金安全,以使其能够用于重建利比亚。毕竟,这笔钱不属于卡扎菲或者我们,它属于利比亚人民。我们将确保他们能得到那笔钱。
明天,国务卿希拉里-克林顿将抵达伦敦;在那里,她将与利比亚反对派,并与超过30个国家一同商讨之后的方案。他们的会谈将聚焦对卡扎菲施压必须采取何种外交努力,同时在利比亚人民能够承受的条件下在未来平稳过渡。我们的军事任务的目标是保护平民的生命;而利比亚不属于一个独裁者,属于利比亚全体人民,所以我们将为了这一更远大的目标继续努力。
尽管,我们在过去几周的努力获得了成功,但我知道还有一个美国人会对于我们在利比亚的努力产生疑问。卡扎菲还没有下台,而在他下台之前,利比亚将仍然面临危险。而且即使卡扎菲卸任,他长达40年的统治已经使利比亚支离破碎,缺乏强有力的公民体系。对于利比亚人民来说,合法政权的过渡将是一个艰难的任务。美国将尽我们所能提供帮助,因为这同时是国际社会的责任;而更重要的,这是利比亚人民自己的任务。
实际上,华盛顿大多数的争论集中在针对利比亚的错误选择上。一方面,有些人质疑为什么美国应该干涉——甚至是有限的方式来干涉这个遥远的国家。他们争论,世界上有许多地方都存在类似的问题,无辜百姓面对政府的残忍暴力统治;美国不应该被期望成为“世界警察”,特别是当我们自己仍面临许多压力。
确实,美国不可能在所有镇压发生的地方使用我们的军队;并且,考虑到武力干涉的花费和风险,我们应该总是先衡量利益而不是需要。但是,为了正确的目标而行动,永远不应该遭遇争论。在这个特殊的国家——利比亚;在这个特殊的时刻,我们面对的暴力已经达到了令人毛骨悚然的程度。我们拥有停止这种暴力的特殊能力:得到国际授权的行动,多国部队的加入,阿拉伯国家的支持,以及利比亚人民提出的请求。同时,我们也有能力在不派出美军士兵进入利比亚的前提下,阻止卡扎菲及其部队前进的步伐。
对美国作为一个领导者的责任置之不理,更为深远的是,对处于危险情况下的其他人所
应承担的责任置之不理,将是对我们自已的背叛。也许有些国家可以对其它国家的暴行视而不见,但美国不同。作为总统,我拒绝等待,必须在出现杀戮和集体墓地之前采取行动。
另外,防止卡扎菲过度凌驾于反对者之上,对于美国来说也有重要的战略利益。大屠杀将导致成千上万的难民越过利比亚边境,将对和平造成极大的威胁:它将对埃及和突尼斯原本脆弱的过渡产生不利,让该地区刚刚出现的民主进程被黑暗遮盖;而镇压反对意见的那些领导人们则会确信,使用暴力是稳定政权最好的策略;联合国安理会的法令也将基本成为一纸空文,不足以在未来支持全球和平和安全。所以,我不会将涉入军事行动的花费实现最小化,我深信如果在利比亚的行动失败,将对美国造成更大的影响。
现在,在那些据理反对干涉利比亚的人之外,也有其他人建议我们扩大军事行动,将任务不仅仅局限在保护利比亚人民;尽一切所能罢免卡扎菲,开辟一个新的政府。
当然,卡扎菲的下台对利比亚和全世界来说都是一件好事,这是毋庸置疑的。我和许多其它国家领导人一起在努力,并将用非军事手段积极的追求这一目标。但是,为了实现政权更迭而扩大我们的军事任务将是一个错误。
我委派美国部队的任务是保护利比亚民众远离直接的危险,在联合国授权和国际支持的条件下建立禁飞区。这也是利比亚反对派要求我们做的。如果我们试图以武力推翻卡扎菲,我们的联合将出现分裂。我们可能将不得不派美国军队进入地面,或者冒着从空中杀死许多无辜平民的风险。这对于我们的男女军人,我们的花费,以及我们接下来将分担的责任都将面临更大的危险。
老实说,我们走了伊拉克那条路,感谢我们军队士兵的巨大牺牲和我们外交官的决心;我们可以期望伊拉克的未来。但是,政权的转变花费了长达8年的时间,损失了成千上万美国人和伊拉克人的生命,以及将近一万亿美元的代价。这不是我们能够在利比亚再次负担的事情。
随着我们大多数军事努力逐渐减少,我们能做的,以及我们将做的,是支持利比亚人民的愿望。我们已经干涉阻止了屠杀,我们还将在伙伴的领导下共同保障民众的安全。我们将打击卡扎菲政权的武装,切断他们的资金供给;帮助反对派,协助其他国家加速卡扎菲的卸任。这也许不会在一夜之间发生,但我们会最大程度的阻止卡扎菲把握权力的努力。但是,卡扎菲身边的人应该清楚,所有利比亚人也应该明白,历史不会在他的左右。随着我们向利比亚人民提供的时间和空间,他们将决定自己的命运。
让我更详细的解释一下此次行动关于美国军事力量的使用,以及在我的领导下,美国在世界范围更加广阔的领导力。
最为最高指挥官,我最大的责任便是保证这个国家的安全。对我来说,没有什么比将国家的男女分派到军中服役更加令我烦恼的事。我想说明的是,当需要保护我们的人民、国土、盟国和核心利益时,我将绝对不会犹豫使用我们的军队;这也正是为什么有基地组织据点的地方就有我们士兵的足迹。这就是即便我们已经完成在伊拉克的作战任务,从那里撤出10万部队之后,还要在阿富汗继续战斗的原因。
然而,也有很多次,我们的安全虽然并未受到直接的威胁,但我们的利益和价值遭到挑战。有时,历史的进程会形成挑战,对我们共同人类和共同安全造成威胁,例如自然灾害,或者阻止种族灭绝和维持和平。确保地区安全,维持商业的流动性。这也许不仅仅是美国独自的问题,但它们对我们非常重要;也是值得去解决的问题。在这种环境之下,我们知道美国作为世界上最强大的国家,将被经常要求提供帮助。
在这种情况下,我们不应惧怕行动——行动责任也不应属于美国一家。正如在利比亚,我们的任务转而成为调动国际社会集体行动。因为与一些人要求的相反,美国的领导不是简单的单打独斗,自己承受所有的责任和负担。真正的领导力是创造条件,联合其他人,更好地达成目标;与同盟及伙伴一起努力,所以也一同承担责任,共同支付花费;能够看到一个公平的原则,并且人类的尊严也得到了上升。
这就是我们在利比亚显示出的领导力。当然,即使当我们的地位是多国部队之一,任何军事行动都存在高风险;当我们的飞机在利比亚上空出现故障,我们认识到了这种风险。然而,当我们的飞行员跳伞降落到地面,来到这个领导人经常妖魔化美国的国家——这个对我们国家来说拥有如此艰难的历史的地区——我们的美国飞行员并没有发现敌人。相反,他遇到的人们欢迎他的到来。一个帮助他的利比亚年轻人说:“我们是你的朋友,我们非常感谢你们保卫天空。”
这种声音只是该地区许多声音中的一个,该地区新的一代人拒绝继续被剥夺权利和机会。是的,这种变化将使世界更为复杂。进展将是不平衡的,变革在不同国家的表现方式也不同。在埃及这样的地方,变革将会使我们受到鼓舞,提升我们的希望。在伊朗那样的地方,变革遭到残酷的压制。人们必须避免内部冲突和教派战争这样的黑暗力量,应对困难的政治和经济问题。
美国将不能决定变革的节奏和范围,只有该地区人民可以作到这一点,但我们可以发挥作用,我认为,变革运动不能被逆转,我们必须与那些相信同样原则的人们站在一起,这些原则曾指引我们度过风暴:我们反对针对自己国家公民的暴力、支持一系列普世权利,其中包括自由表达权和选择自己领导人的权利,我们支持对人民的愿望作出回应的政府。
作为渴望自由人士所推动革命的产物,我们美国对正在发生的事实——正在变化中的中东和北非历史,以及在这一变化中发挥主导作用的年轻人——表示欢迎。因为不管渴望自由的人是哪些人,他们都将在美国找到朋友。最终,是信念——那些理想——是美国领导能力的真正考量标准。
我的美国同胞,我知道当海外形势发生动荡时,当新闻里充斥着冲突和变革时,人们会很容易地选择把视线从海外移开。正如我之前所说的那样,我们在海外的力量基于我们国内的实力。这必须一直是我们的北极星-我们的人民实现他们潜能的能力、明智地使用我们的资源、扩大作为我们能力源泉的繁荣局面、按照我们所珍视的价值观生活。
但也请我们记住,在过去数十年里,我们为保护自己的人民和全球各地的数以百万计的人们作了艰苦的工作。我们这样作是因为我们知道,如果更多的人生活在自由和尊严的明亮阳光下,我们自己的未来将会更加安全和光明。今晚,让我们感谢那些在艰苦时代服务的美国人和正在让我们的努力取得进展的盟友。让我们抱着信心和希望来展望未来,不仅是为我
们自己的国家,也是为那些世界各地渴望自由的人们。感谢你,上帝保佑你,愿上帝保佑美国。(完)
第四篇:奥巴马对大学生演讲
OBAMA:I'm here with students at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia.And we've got students tuning in from all across America, kindergarten through 12th grade.I'm glad you all could join us today.I know that for many of you, today is the first day of school.And for those of you in kindergarten, or starting middle or high school, it's your first day in a new school, so it's understandable if you're a little nervous.I imagine there are some seniors out there who are feeling pretty good right now, with just one more year to go.And no matter what grade you're in, some of you are probably wishing it were still summer and you could've stayed in bed just a
little longer this morning.I know that feeling.When I was young, my family lived in Indonesia for a few years, and my mother didn't have the money to send me where all the American kids went to school.So she decided to teach me extra lessons herself, Monday through Friday--at 4:30 in the morning.Now I wasn't too happy about getting up that early.A lot of times, I'd fall asleep right there at the kitchen table.But whenever I'd complain, my mother would just give me one of those looks and say, “This is no picnic for me either,buster.”
So I know some of you are still adjusting to being back at school.But I'm here today because I have something important to discuss with you.I'm here because I want to talk with you about your education and what's expected of all of you in this new school year.Now I've given a lot of speeches about education.And I've talked a lot about responsibility.I've talked about your teachers' responsibility for inspiring you, and pushing you to learn.I've talked about your parents' responsibility for making sure you stay on track, and get your homework done, and don't spend every waking hour in front of the TV or with
that Xbox.I've talked a lot about your government's responsibility for setting high standards, supporting teachers and principals, and turning around schools that aren't working where students aren't getting the opportunities they deserve.But at the end of the day, we can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, and the best schools in the world and none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities.Unless you show up to those schools;pay attention to those teachers;listen to your parents, grandparents and other adults;and put in the hard work it takes to succeed.And that's what I want to focus on today: the responsibility each of you has for your education.I want to start with the responsibility you have to yourself.Every single one of you has something you're good at.Every single one of you has something to offer.And you have a responsibility to yourself to discover what that is.That's the opportunity an education can provide.Maybe you could be a good writer--maybe even good enough to write a book or articles in a newspaper--but you might not know it until you write a paper for your English class.Maybe you could be an innovator or an inventor--maybe even good enough to come up with the next iPhone or a new medicine or vaccine--but you might not know it until you do a project for your science class.Maybe you could be a mayor or a senator or a Supreme Court justice, but you might not know that until you join student government or the debate team.And no matter what you want to do with your life--I guarantee that you'll need an education to do it.You want to be a doctor, or a teacher, or a police officer? You want to be a nurse or an architect, a lawyer or a member of our military? You're going to need a good education for every single one of those careers.You can't drop out of school and just drop into a good job.You've got to work for it and
train for it and learn for it.And this isn't just important for your own life and your own future.What you make of your education will decide nothing less than the future of this country.What you're learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future.You'll need the knowledge and problem-solving skills you learn in science and math to cure diseases like cancer and AIDS, and to develop new energy technologies and protect our environment.You'll need the insights and critical thinking skills you gain in history and social studies to fight poverty and homelessness, crime and discrimination, and make our nation more fair and more free.You'll need the creativity and ingenuity you develop in all your classes to build new companies that will create new jobs and boost
our economy.We need every single one of you to develop your talents, skills and intellect so you can help solve our most difficult problems.If you don't do that--if you quit on school--you're not just quitting on yourself, you're quitting on your
country.Now I know it's not always easy to do well in school.I know a lot of you have challenges in your lives right now that can make it hard to focus on your schoolwork.I get it.I know what that's like.My father left my family when I was two years old, and I was raised by a single mother who struggled at times to pay the bills and wasn't always able to give us things the other kids had.There were times when I missed having a father in my life.There were times when I was lonely and felt like I didn't fit in.So I wasn't always as focused as I should have been.I did some things I'm not proud of, and got in more trouble than I should have.And my life could have easily taken a turn for
the worse.But I was fortunate.I got a lot of second chances and had the opportunity to go to college, and law school, and follow my dreams.My wife, our first lady Michelle Obama, has a similar story.Neither of her parents had gone to college, and they didn't have much.But they worked hard, and she worked hard, so that she could go to the best schools in
this country.Some of you might not have those advantages.Maybe you don't have adults in your life who give you the support that you need.Maybe someone in your family has lost their job, and there's not enough money to go around.Maybe you live in a neighborhood where you don't feel safe, or have friends who are pressuring you to do things you know
aren't right.But at the end of the day, the circumstances of your life--what you look like, where you come from, how much money you have, what you've got going on at home--that's no excuse for neglecting your homework or having a bad attitude.That's no excuse for talking back to your teacher, or cutting class, or dropping out of school.That's
no excuse for not trying.Where you are right now doesn't have to determine where you'll end up.No one's written your destiny for you.Here in America, you write your own destiny.You make your own
future.That's what young people like you are doing every day, all
across America.Young people like Jazmin Perez, from Roma, Texas.Jazmin didn't speak English when she first started school.Hardly anyone in her hometown went to college, and neither of her parents had gone either.But she worked hard, earned good grades, got a scholarship to Brown University, and is now in graduate school, studying public health, on her way to being Dr.Jazmin Perez.I'm thinking about Andoni Schultz, from Los Altos, California, who's fought brain cancer since he was three.He's endured all sorts of treatments and surgeries, one of which affected his memory, so it took him much longer--hundreds of extra hours--to do his schoolwork.But he never fell behind, and he's headed to college this fall.And then there's Shantell Steve, from my hometown of Chicago, Illinois.Even when bouncing from foster home to foster home in the toughest neighborhoods, she managed to get a job at a local health center;start a program to keep young people out of gangs;and she's on track to graduate high school with honors and go on to college.Jazmin, Andoni and Shantell aren't any different from any of you.They faced challenges in their lives just like you do.But they refused to give up.They chose to take responsibility for their education and set goals for themselves.And I expect all of you to do the same.That's why today, I'm calling on each of you to set your own goals for your education--and to do everything you can to meet them.Your goal can be something as simple as doing all your homework, paying attention in class, or spending time each day reading a book.Maybe you'll decide to get involved in an extracurricular activity, or volunteer in your community.Maybe you'll decide to stand up for kids who are being teased or bullied because of who they are or how they look, because you believe, like I do, that all kids deserve a safe environment to study and learn.Maybe you'll decide to take better care of yourself so you can be more ready to learn.And along those lines, I hope you'll all wash your hands a lot, and stay home from school when you don't feel well, so we can keep people from getting the
flu this fall and winter.Whatever you resolve to do, I want you to commit to it.I want you to really work at it.I know that sometimes, you get the sense from TV that you can be rich and successful without any hard work--that your ticket to success is through rapping or basketball or being a reality TV star, when chances are, you're not going
to be any of those things.But the truth is, being successful is hard.You won't love every subject you study.You won't click with every teacher.Not every homework assignment will seem completely relevant to your life right this minute.And you won't necessarily succeed at everything the first time you try.That's OK.Some of the most successful people in the world are the ones who've had the most failures.JK Rowling's first Harry Potter book was rejected twelve times before it was finally published.Michael Jordan was cut from his high school basketball team, and he lost hundreds of games and missed thousands of shots during his career.But he once said, “I have failed over and over and over again in my life.And that is why I succeed.”
These people succeeded because they understand that you can't let your failures define you--you have to let them teach you.You have to let them show you what to do differently next time.If you get in trouble, that doesn't mean you're a troublemaker, it means you need to try harder to behave.If you get a bad grade, that doesn't mean you're stupid, it just means you need to spend more time
studying.No one's born being good at things, you become good at things through hard work.You're not a varsity athlete the first time you play a new sport.You don't hit every note the first time you sing a song.You've got to practice.It's the same with your schoolwork.You might have to do a math problem a few times before you get it right, or read something a few times before you understand it, or do a few drafts of a paper before it's good enough to hand in.Don't be afraid to ask questions.Don't be afraid to ask for help when you need it.I do that every day.Asking for help isn't a sign of weakness, it's a sign of strength.It shows you have the courage to admit when you don't know something, and to learn something new.So find an adult you trust--a parent, grandparent or teacher;a coach or counselor--and ask them to help you stay on track to
meet your goals.And even when you're struggling, even when you're discouraged, and you feel like other people have given up on you--don't ever give up on yourself.Because when you give up on yourself, you give up on your country.The story of America isn't about people who quit when things got tough.It's about people who kept going, who tried harder, and who loved their country too much to do anything less than their best.It's the story of students, who sat where you sit 250 years ago, and went on to wage a revolution and found this nation.Students who sat where you sit 75 years ago who overcame a Depression and won a world war;who fought for civil rights and put a man on the moon.Students who sat where you sit 20 years ago who founded Google, Twitter and Facebook and changed the way we communicate with each other.So today, I want to ask you, what's your contribution going to be? What problems are you going to solve? What discoveries will you make? What will a president who comes here in twenty or fifty or one hundred years say about what all of you did for this country?
Your families, your teachers, and I are doing everything we can to make sure you have the education you need to answer these questions.I'm working hard to fix up your classrooms and get you the books, equipment and computers you need to learn.But you've got to do your part too.So I expect you to get serious this year.I expect you to put your best effort into everything you do.I expect great things from each of you.So don't let us down--don't let your family or your country or yourself down.Make us all proud.I know you can do it.Thank you, God bless you, and God bless America.
第五篇:奥巴马
陆港澳译名] 奥巴马
[台湾译名] 欧巴马
[英文] Barack Hussein Obama
个人资料全名:贝拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马(小)(Barack Hussein Obama Jr.)(台湾地区译为欧巴马)党派:民主党
身高:186cm
生日:1961年8月4日
出生地:夏威夷檀香山
居住地:伊利诺伊州芝加哥市
公职:第44任美国总统(第56届、第43位)(任期:2009年1月20日——2013年1月20日)伊利诺伊州联邦参议员(2004年首次当选)
伊利诺伊州州参议员(1997-2004)(2005年1月3日–2009年1月3日)
职业背景:1993-2004,Miner Barnhill & Galland律师事务所律师(伊利诺伊州芝加哥)
教育背景:1983年获哥伦比亚大学文学学士学位(曾经在美国加州西方学院攻读两年,后转至哥伦比亚大学)
1991年获哈佛大学法学院法学博士学位
婚姻状况:1992年结婚,育有二女(大女:玛丽亚Malia,生于1999年;小女:娜塔莎Natasha,生于2001年)
宗教信仰:联合基督教会(新教)
著作:《希望无畏:开垦美国梦的思考》(The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream)[2006];
《父亲留下来的梦想:种族与传统的故事》(Dreams from my Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance)
[1995]
[编辑本段]生平简介
奥巴马出生于夏威夷。父亲是肯尼亚一名黑人经济学家,母亲是美国一名白人女教师。父母在奥巴马两岁的时候分手,在听说父亲1982年在肯尼亚死于车祸前,奥巴马只见过父亲一次,奥巴马跟着母亲和姥姥姥爷长大。
父亲贝拉克·奥巴马是一名在夏威夷念书的肯尼亚留学生。母亲安·邓纳姆是一个白人,原本来自堪萨斯州。当邓纳姆与老奥巴马结婚时,她刚好18岁。这一段婚姻很短暂,老奥巴马离家前往哈佛大学念经济学的博士学位,就把年轻的妻子和年幼的儿子奥巴马(那时他才两岁)抛下了,他没有钱带上妻儿同去。毕业后,他更是带着另一名美国女人露丝回到了肯尼亚,露丝成为他的第三任妻子,因为在家乡他早已娶了一任妻子。
父亲离开了,奥巴马跟着母亲长大。邓纳姆后来嫁给了一名印尼石油公司的经理罗罗·素托罗,素托罗由于工作的关系需要去雅加达,于是,邓纳姆带着6岁的奥巴马去了印尼。奥巴马在印尼度过了四年的童年时光。
10岁时,母亲与继父离婚,奥巴马回到了夏威夷,大部分的时间他和外祖父、外祖母生活在一起。邓纳姆带着她与素托罗生的女儿玛亚又回到印尼。当时,邓纳姆生活十分困难,她自己在攻读人类学博士学位,还省吃俭用供儿子读书。奥巴马老少儿童时期奥巴马一家挤在一个很小的公寓里面。奥巴马的外祖父换过多份工作,先做过家具推销员,还当过一名很失败的保险经纪。外祖母在一家银行工作。但奥巴马竟然进了夏威夷普纳后私立学校,这说明小家伙很会念书,但家里负担不轻。夏威夷普纳后私立学校是夏威夷乃至全美最优秀的私立学校,具有百年历史,学费昂贵,但凡有点钱财地位的人无论如何都是要把孩子往里塞的。一旦进去了,父母脸上有光,小孩前程似锦。
一谈到这件事,邓纳姆总是半带自豪地认为,奥巴马继承了他父亲的智慧,沿着他父亲成功的道路在走。在2004年7月,民主党召开全国代表大会,奥巴马被指定在第二天做―基调演讲‖。所谓―基调演讲‖,就是
民主党人阐述本党的纲领和政策宣言,通常由本党极有前途的政治新星来发表,1988年做―基调演讲‖的人就是时任阿肯色州州长的克林顿。奥巴马不负众望,他亲自撰写演讲稿,并发表了慷慨激昂的演说。在演说中他提出消除党派分歧和种族分歧、实现―一个美国‖的梦想。
45岁的奥巴马演说极具魅力,灿烂的笑容更虏获许多民众的心。与过去有意竞选总统的黑人前辈相比,奥巴马是首位在初选前民调获得全国性支持的明日之星,打败2008年民主党总统候选人的热门人选之一的希拉里,成为民主党总统竞选人。
奥巴马在短短两年多的时间里就已在政坛造成一股旋风,甚至有人把―奥巴马现象‖拿来与前总统肯尼迪1960年挟带强大人气进军白宫来相提并论。
奥巴马编年史
1961年8月4日生于美国夏威夷州檀香山;
1983年获哥伦比亚大学文学学士学位;
1991年获哈佛大学法学院法学博士学位;
1992年结婚,育有二女;
1993-2004,Miner Barnhill &Galland律师事务所律师(伊利诺伊州芝加哥);
1996年,首次当选为伊利诺伊州参议员;
2004年在伊利诺伊州首次当选为国会参议员;
2007年2月,奥巴马正式宣布竞选总统。8月27日,他在民主党全国代表大会上获得总统候选人提名;2008年11月当选美国第44届总统,成为美国历史上首位黑人总统;
2009年1月20日美国首位非洲裔总统奥巴马在华盛顿宣誓就职,成为白宫的新主人.巴拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马二世(英语:Barack Hussein Obama II,1961年8月4日-),美国第44任总统,出生於美国夏威夷州檀香山。在就任总统之前,他从2005年1月4日至2008年11月16日[1]担任联邦参议员,代表伊利诺州。根据美国参议院历史办公室的资料显示,奥巴马是历史上第五位非裔美国人参议员,也是首位非洲裔美国总统。
奥巴马于1996年当选伊利诺州参议员。4年后,他竞选美国众议院席位失败。随后他将主要精力放在本州的参议工作,且於2002年获得连任。奥巴马在2004年美国民主党全国代表大会发表主题演讲,成为全美知名的政界人物。2004年11月以70%的选票当选联邦参议员[2]。
奥巴马在2007年2月10日正式宣布参加2008年美国总统选举。[3]他的竞选纲领侧重完结伊拉克战争及实施全民医疗保险制度。2008年6月赢得民主党初选,成为美国历史上首位被主要政党提名的非洲裔总统候选人,11月4日当选总统。
早年生活及事业
巴拉克·奥巴马生于夏威夷州檀香山,父亲老巴拉克·奥巴马是生于肯尼亚的卢欧族人,母亲安·邓娜姆(Ann Dunham)生于堪萨斯州的威奇托[4],祖父为英国殖民统治肯亚时期之公务员。
成长时期
奥巴马的父母在位于檀香山玛诺亚之夏威夷大学相识,当时他的父亲以国际学生身份在校求学。在奥巴马2岁时,父母分居,随后离婚。他的父亲便前往哈佛大学攻读博士学位,最终返回肯尼亚[5]。而他的母亲则嫁给了一位印度尼西亚籍的学生Lolo Soetoro,并诞下一个女儿。奥巴马六岁时,与母亲一家迁居到印度尼西亚首都雅加达[6]。四年后,奥巴马回到夏威夷,与外祖父母住在一起[7]。从五年级起,奥巴马就读于位于檀香山的大型私立学校Punahou学校[8],且於当地读到12年级,于1979年毕业[9]。
奥巴马21岁时,父亲在肯尼亚遭遇一场车祸去世[10]。母亲在他的1995年的回忆录《我父亲的梦想》出版几个月后去世[11]。
在《我父亲的梦想》中,奥巴马描述了自己在母亲的白种美国中产家庭成长的经历,它对于自己早逝的黑人父亲的信息大多来自于家庭故事和照片。对于童年,奥巴马写道:―我的父亲与我身边的人完全不同——他的皮肤像沥青一样黑,而我的母亲却像牛奶一样白——我对这一点印象深刻。‖[12]在青年时,奥巴马因为自己的多种族背景,很难取得社会认同。他回忆自己当年吸食大麻和可卡因,为了―将‗我是谁‘的问题挤出脑袋‖[13];后来为2008年总统选战及健康状况起见,及换取妻子米歇尔·奥巴马投入於自己的竞选活动当中,在当年初戒掉长达二十年之吸烟习惯[14]。
大学时代
高中毕业后,奥巴马在加州西方学院(Occidental College)求学两年,随后转至纽约市的哥伦比亚大学的哥伦比亚学院,在那里主修政治学及国际关系。在1983年取得文学士之后,奥巴马在国际商务公司工作了一年。1985年,他迁往芝加哥,主持了一个非营利计划,以协助当地教堂为穷困的居民组织好职业训练
[15][16]。
法学院时代
奥巴马于1988年进入哈佛大学法学院。1990年2月,由于被选为 哈佛法律评论的首位非洲裔美国人主席,奥巴马首次获得了全国性的认可[17][18]。1991年奥巴马在哈佛获得了―极优等‖(拉丁文的学位荣誉,magna cum laude)法学士(Juris Doctor,美国法学院的毕业学位,法学博士是S.J.D.)的学位。[16]回到芝加哥后,奥巴马主持了一次选民登记运动,且为民权律师事务所Miner,Barnhill & Galland工作。后来,自1993年至2005年竞选联邦参议员的12年中,奥巴马一直在芝加哥大学法学院任职宪法讲师[16]。
州议员生涯
奥巴马与其家人
1996年,奥巴马从芝加哥第十三区,南部的海德园(Hyde Park)区被选入伊利诺州议会。2003年1月,当民主党重新取得议会的控制权,他被提名为州卫生与公众服务委员会主席[19]。在奥巴马的立法提案中,他帮助编撰了工作所得抵税法(Earned Income Tax Credit),为低收入家庭提供援助;还为一些致力于无法承担健康保险的居民的立法相关项目,更协助通过增加对艾滋病预防和病人照料的项目增加预算[20]。
州参议员事绩
2000年,奥巴马挑战波比·拉什(Bobby Rush)所担任了4年的联邦众议院席位,但最终失败。前黑豹党成员和社区活动家拉什指责奥巴马,称其―在第一选区的时间不长,无法看到真实的情况‖[21]。拉什获得61%的选票,奥巴马获得30%[22]竞选失败后,奥巴马专注於自己的参议员工作,编撰了要求对可能判死刑罪犯的审问必须录像的法律[7][23][24]。奥巴马2002年竞选连任,未遇对手。[25]
纵观奥巴马的伊利诺州参议员生涯,政治评论员注意到他在与民主党人和共和党人工作时不仅都很有效率,且能团结一致[26][27]。后来为联邦参议员竞选时,尽管奥巴马曾支持一些警察工会所反对的议案,他还是获得了伊利诺州警察同业会(Fraternal Order of Police)的支持,且赞赏他―多年对枪支控制的支持,和愿意商谈与妥协的态度‖ [28]。