第一篇：小作文之议论文
小作文之议论文
议论文以议论为主要表达方式，重在“说理”。议论要有理有据，有条有理，能辨证分析，才有雄辩的说服力，才能“以理服人”。
一、写作要领
一言以蔽之：议论文必须“讲理”，要学会“讲理”，要善于“讲理”，只要如此，才能让人信服。着眼于考场作文的特殊性，最好在开头部分旗帜鲜明的亮出中心论点，再用论据进行论证。论点要力求正确、新颖、有针对性。
论据是否精当与议论文是否有说服力密切相关，要精心选择可靠、典型、新鲜的论据。在此基础上力求论据的运用合理、巧妙。
一切论据都要为证明中心论点服务，事例论证“摆事实”之后一定要“讲道理”，这样事例才能充分发挥作用。
安排好文章的层次和结构，能够灵活采用并列式论证结构和递进式论证结构。
对论点进行多角度、多侧面、多层次论证，灵活运用各种论证方法，诸如：例证法、引证法、对比论证法、比喻论证法、因果论证法、假设论证法、诠释法、反证法、归谬法等。
二、误区扫描
观点与材料不契合，油水分离。
以例代证，不会“讲理”。
缺乏思辨，简单肤浅。
三、重点突破
1．材料与观点必须契合议论文中观点是灵魂，是统帅，材料必须为证明观点服务，材料与观点要统一。否则，就没有说服力。如：
常言道：勤能补拙，事实正是如此。居里夫人在法国读书时，每天早晨，总是第一个来到教室；每天晚上，几乎都在图书馆度过。图书馆在10点钟就关门了，她便回到自己的小屋子里，在煤油灯下读书常常到半夜两点钟。正是她的勤奋，才为她后来的成功奠定了坚实的基础。我国第一个电子学女博士韦钰在西德进修期间，没有空暇到繁华的街头漫步，没有精力去剧场、影院欣赏艺术，她一心扑在专业上，就连生病也拒绝休息。正是勤奋刻苦，才使她为祖国赢得了荣誉。
所举事例只扣住了观点“勤能补拙”中的“勤”，而与“勤能补拙”的观点并不契合。“拙”指天资不好，居里夫人和韦钰并不“拙”。因此两个事例不能证明“勤能补拙”的观点。
单独就这个片段来看，改论点更为经济，可以将论点改为：成功来自勤奋。
如果保持论点不变，就要另选论据。可以修改为：
常言道：勤能补拙，事实正是如此。爱迪生上小学时被老师和同学称为“智能低下的人”，结果只上了三个月的学就被迫辍学了。但是，爱迪生并没有因此就妄自菲薄，而是以顽强的意志勤奋学习，最后终于成了举世仰慕的大发明家。我国清代著名画家、书法家和诗人郑板桥，因为天资愚拙，记忆力差，便“笨鸟先飞”，以惊人的毅力刻苦攻读。他躺在床上看书，骑在马上看书，上厕所的功夫也抓紧时间看书，一本书要读几遍十几遍，直至融会贯通。多年的立志奋发，终于使他在诗书画几个方面都有了很高的造诣。可见，天资愚拙的人，后天的勤奋可以弥补先天的不足，用勤奋的汗水也可以浇开成功的花朵。
2．“例证”必须有“例”有“证”
例证法是常用的论证方法。例证，必须有例有证，就是要对列举的事例作精当的分析，揭示材料与观点之间的联系，充分发挥材料的作用，以证明观点正确。但中学生写议论文普遍存在有例无证、以例代证的现象。论点和论据之间互相脱离，两者之间缺乏必要的联系的桥梁，论点还是论点，论据还是论据；论据失去了其应有的作用，论点孤立无援，也就失去了立足的依据。这种“不讲道理”的议论文，论点无论怎样正确，也不足以服人；论据无论怎样充足，也不过是一堆零碎的材料。选取了典型的事实材料，还必须善于紧扣观点对材料加以阐释分析，揭示其中所蕴涵的道理，说明其与论点的联系，使论点与论据形成一个有机的整体，才能充分发挥例证的论证功能。
有人以“毅力是成功的保证”为中心论点作文，其中有这样一段：
唐代大诗人白居易幼年读书读得“口舌成疮”；马克思写《资本论》用了四十年的时间，其间贫困疾病交加，用他妻子的话说，他是在坟墓边徘徊。可是马克思没有动摇过信念。这两个事例告诉我们，毅力是治学的支柱，凡是事业上有所建树的人，大都有艰难的历程和坚强的毅力。
作者由具有代表性的论据，引发出一般性的结论，由点到面的分析，使论据发挥了论证的作用。议论文中不可能列举全部的事例，采用点面结合的方法，可以使文章更加简洁，使论证显得更加全面。
3．能够辨证分析
议论文的内核是作者的思想。作者认识事物、分析现象、思考问题的能力与水平，是决定议论文质量的关键因素。
作为高中生，应该具有一定的辨证思维能力，能够进行理性思考。如对“得陇望蜀”这个成语，不能只作简单的肯定或否定：对那些在物质追求上毫无满足、“得陇望蜀”的现象应该批评，而对那些在事业上不断追求、“得陇望蜀”的人则应该歌颂。可见对“得陇望蜀”应该辩证地看待，不能“一刀切”。世界上的事物是复杂的，我们不但要看到事物正面，也要看到它的反面；不但要看到其表面现象，也要看到其内部实质；不但要看到此一事物，而且要看到与之相关的彼一事物。
有人以“毅力是成功的保证”为中心论点作文，其中有这样一段：
辩证唯物主义告诉我们，事物的发展是内因和外因共同起作用的结果。但内因和外因在事物发展中的地位和作用是不同的。内因是事物变化发展的根本原因，外因是事物变化发展的条件，外因通过内因而起作用。由此可见，一个人要取得成功，顺利的环境，好的机遇这些外因固然很重要，但归根到底，决定事情成功的还是内部因素，要看他自己是否有毅力，是否有恒心。
用辩证唯物主义的原理进行辨证分析论证，很有说服力。
有人分析“逆境与成才”的关系：“历史事实证明，厄运能磨炼人的斗志。”（分论点一）“但是，逆境能够出人才，绝不意味着逆境一定出人才。一个人能够成才，关键在于自身主观上是否努力。”（分论点二）
四、时文短评
1.什么是短评
顾名思义，“短”是指它篇幅短小，“评”是指在文体上属于议论文的范畴。它短小精悍，言简意赅。涉及的内容非常广泛。包括社会评论、文学评论、艺术评论。其中社会评论是我们考试的重要组成，其对象包括：政治、经济、文化、教育、生活等。
2.时文短评的特点
第一、观点鲜明。由于要在极其短小的篇幅中阐述自己的观点，所以短评的观点态度一定要鲜明。一般观点放在开头，但也可以在文末或文中提出，但论点一定要明确、有力。
第二、说服力强。虽然只有短短200个字左右，但说理论证还是非常重要的，说服力就成了短评中需要特别注意的问题。这就决定了短评选取的论据一定要准确，能够真实地反映论点，有力地支持论点，具有典型性、客观性。
第三，语言精炼。短评的语言要一字千金，表述准确，不能东拉西扯，苍白无力。
第四，脉络清晰。高考要求短评一般二百字左右，短短一段文字中，要有观点、有论据，有概括、有阐述，只有脉络清晰，才能说清楚、讲明白。
3.时文短评的答题要领
①旗帜鲜明，表明观点态度。
②说理分析，客观辨证，有的放矢。
③提出解决方法，通情达理。
4.短评的主要写法有
①从正面肯定。
简明扼要亮出观点。再用简单论据进行论证。
②从反面否定。
简明扼要亮出观点。可以直接反驳错误的见解，也可以间接反驳错误的见解。
③可以采用多分法进行分析，既肯定正面，又否定反面。要注意不要自相矛盾。
5.时文短评题的几种类型
【单一材料型】
近日看到一则消息，标题是“1500硕士竞聘卖猪肉工作，据称包括海归人士”，言称如今严峻的经济形势下，别说大学生就连硕士博士就业也费劲，就有那么一家天才公司此时出了招聘广告，高薪之下竟引来无数硕士征聘，一下子火了。先前就有过“北大才子卖猪肉”的新闻，也听说过放弃20万年薪回家乡种红薯的硕士农民彭焕新，都挺成功的，虽然在世俗眼光里此举动不可思议，但人家自己乐意，而且赚钱了，别人怎么说怎么看是别人的事。但今天这新闻够轰动，人数众多、层层筛选、条件苛刻。对于这一消息，上至教授，下至百姓，众说纷纭。请你就此现象写一则短评。
例文1.硕士竞聘卖猪肉也没有什么大不了。（观点态度）如果市场有需求，就有实现的可能。一方需要高素质人才，另一方需要钱满足生活需要，好像也算得上市场经济的一种反映。退一步讲，似乎应该为这一现象感到高兴才对。或许高学历们开始没干过，但熟能生巧，为了生存，人往往能激发出自身巨大的潜能，假以时日，高学历们就能练就熟练的、普通杀猪卖肉者的本领，甚至完全有可能超过他们。（说理分析）改革年代，卖猪肉也需要人才，只有转变思想才能让企业获得更大的发展。（解决方法）
例文2.我为千余硕士竞聘“猪肉荣”的现象大声叫好。（观点态度）因为这是就业者端正心态、消除职业歧视的体现，是社会的一大进步。世上三百六十行，本无高低贵贱之分，只根据贡献大小和市场规律来决定薪酬。更何况该公司还要发展壮大“卖猪肉”产业，需要的是人才。（说理分析）因此我认为正确的就业心态是认清事实，积极适应社会需求，而不是继续昂着高傲的脑袋。（解决方法）
例文3.硕士竞聘卖猪肉，这是对国家人力资源的浪费。（观点态度）“北大才子卖猪肉”、“硕士种红薯”。十年寒窗，却终于学非所用。虽说学历不代表实力，但研究生卖猪肉可以体现什么学术价值，知识力量。卖猪肉这活也可能需要统计学、经济学甚至会计学。但不至于需要硕士研究生吧。倘若如此，当一个妈妈指着“卖猪肉的”告诉孩子，他是硕士时，孩子又会做何感想？（说理分析）我觉的正确的就业心态是认清自己，学以致用。（解决方法）
【多材料比较型】
近年来，明星移民，国外产子的现象颇为常见，土生土长的中国著名演员巩俐远嫁新加坡并于上月宣誓加入新加坡国籍。章子怡早前开心地宣布已与美国富豪男友ViviNevo订婚，以及明年结婚；坦言有计划结婚及生育，她强调“即使下一代是美国人，但她永远都是中国人”。同样2006年前乒乓球国手邓亚萍，在巴黎一家医院剖腹产下一男婴。有人，质问邓亚萍：为什么把孩子生在法国？中国之大，就没适合她生孩子的地方吗？分明是想混法国国籍。消息传出后，引起公众的关注，国内网友们更是掀起激烈的争论。有人认为这是不爱国的表现。有人认为这与爱国无关，那你是怎么看待这个问题的？
例文1.不管是国外生子还是移民他乡，这与爱国无关。（观点态度）巩俐、章子怡加入他国国籍完全是为了爱情。邓亚萍法国生子又与爱国有何关联，爱不爱国不是拥有哪国的国籍，那是发自心里深处的情感，张明敏的“我的中国心”就是最好的证明。再说加入外籍是她们个人的权利和自由。巩俐等不是第一个，也不会是最后一个。（说理分析）我们还是以正常的心态去看待此类现象。（解决方法）
例文2.这是不爱国的表现。（观点态度）巩俐此举虽属个人权利，却伤害了很多中国人的民族感情，对于明星加入外国国籍的意图，可能每人的出发点都不一样，但在国内名利双收的时候却放弃滋养自己的祖国，有一点忘记爹娘的感觉。（说理分析）当我们面对这样的情形时，应当记住做中国的公民是最基本的爱国表现。（解决方法）
【正反比较型】
阅读下列新闻，写一篇200字左右的短评。简要分析评说，发表自己观点与见解。
2008年8月18日中午，在北京奥运会男子110米栏预赛中发生了令人意外的一幕：被视为国人的骄傲的中国选手刘翔因伤退出比赛。对中国人来说，北京奥运会最值得期待的恐怕就是刘翔的110米跨栏了。但万万没想到的是，第一场比赛刘翔就黯然退场了，给数万名正在狂热呼喊“刘翔加油”的观众留下一个苍凉的背影。刘翔的退赛，引发了热议„„
1994年第17届冬奥会上叶乔波为中国代表队夺得冬奥会上的首枚铜牌。在赛后的手术中，医生惊讶地发现她左膝盖的两侧韧带和髌骨早已断裂，腔内有8块游离的碎骨，骨骼的相交处呈锯齿状。“叶乔波精神”一度是被广泛宣传的，叶乔波成了英雄，成了诠释“中国精神”的形象代表。但此后的很长一段时
间她都是在轮椅上度过的，甚至不少人还担心她“永远都站不起来了”。
例文：从叶乔波带伤上阵到刘翔果断退出，这是历史的进步。（观点态度）叶乔波的“坚持”让人钦佩，更让人心酸。虽然最终拿了奖牌，但运动生涯因伤而结束了。刘翔的退出让人惋惜，但也让人欣慰，时代的进步已经使人们能够更理性地看待刘翔的放弃，也能够更理性地对待金牌。（说理分析）我们不想看到下一个叶乔波，应当从更新的角度去认识与理解体育的精神，去支持中国的“刘翔”们。（解决方法）
五、片段写作
1.（1997年语文上海卷)推荐一部电影(电视剧或戏剧作品)
要求：①注意突出作品的特色。②250字左右。
参考答案：
《红河谷》值得一看
《红河谷》是近期上映的优秀国产影片，其恢宏壮丽的战争场景和秀美迷人的藏地特有的雪山风光，堪称同类影视中的佼佼者。影片通过波澜壮阔的历史画卷，表现出一幕幕藏汉人民抗击英国侵略军的足可惊天地、泣鬼神的空前义举；影片成功地塑造了头人、丹珠公主、格桑、雪儿达娃、英军上校罗克曼、随军记者琼斯等一批光辉的艺术形象；既有“牦牛阵”的震天撼地，也有老祖母手中挥动的玛尼轮的无声画面；不乏男女青年的情爱纠葛，更有凄绝壮绝的主题深化，那位英国青年的幕外音：“这是一个永远无法征服的民族”，真令人热血沸腾、豪情激荡。我认为，无论老少男女，都值得去领略一下本片的艺术享受，千万别错过了难得的眼福。
2.（1992年全国高考作文题）阅读下面材料，完成题目。
春雨潇潇，路灯朦胧。我独自站在候车亭下避雨。
“哐啷”一声，一个穿运动鞋的小青年，把丢在旁边一个大玻璃罐当作足球盘带着。这一脚趟大了劲，玻璃罐滚到候车亭前，裂成了好几瓣，流出一摊黑糊糊的东西。
“玩也不看地方，玩出这损人的事。”我心理暗暗责备他。他大概也没想到这样的后果，吃惊地看着自己的“杰作”，低着头走了。
雨大了。一辆自行车急驶而来，后轮轧上碎玻璃，“扑哧”，全瘪了。从车上跳下一位穿红雨衣的姑娘，嘴里嘟嚷着“大家都沾点光吧”，顺脚朝玻璃罐底一踢，玻璃更碎更散了。“红雨衣”抬头发现我在摇头，可能也意识到自己做得不妥，赶紧用鞋把大块玻璃片归拢到一旁，然后才推着自行车匆匆离开。雨小了，一对撑伞的男女挨着呢喃着走过来，高跟鞋偏偏踩到拢在一旁的碎玻璃上，脚一滑，漂亮的鞋子沾上了黑糊糊的东西：“唉，真缺德，中国人的公德心呀„„”
“当心牢骚太多长白头发。”那男的一边为她擦鞋子一边笑着说。
伞下的一对低声说话渐渐远去，我不知道他们是不是还在谈论着刚才的话题。
但是，“高跟鞋”的那句话却仿佛刺了我一下。君子动口不如动手。雨停了。我回家拿了扫帚和铲子，又回到原地一看：碎玻璃已被打扫得干干净净，不留意连那摊黑糊糊的痕迹也看不出来了。我开始是发愣，然后才恍然大悟：“运动鞋”、“红雨衣”和伞下的一对，他们都有可能回来过。那么，到底是他们之中的谁清理了这个地方呢？
题目：选择所提供材料的一个或几个人物（包括“我”）的思想行为，进行分析，展开议论，写一篇议论文。
注意：1.题目自拟。2.不少于350字。
参考答案：
话说“牢骚”
“玩也不看个地方„„”“唉，真缺德，中国人的公德心啊。”“红雨衣”与“伞下姑娘”可说代表了当前一些人。这些人“不平则鸣”，就是所说的“爱发牢骚”。
爱发牢骚好不好？我敢大胆地回答：“好！”屈原的《离骚》据传可能就是“牢骚”的误传。姑且不探究这个考据的真实与否，单说“常太息而掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰”这样忧国忧民的牢骚好不好？电影《高山下的花环》里的牢骚大王靳开来，那骂到前线要儿子的神通广大的贵妇的牢骚，您听着是否震动心灵，义愤不已？如果这种牢骚是一种忧国忧民的渲泄，哪一位敢说它不好？！
但是只会发“牢骚”好不好？这回我却要回答——“不好”事物就是辩证的，过分地提及阴暗面，就
会丧失关键的自信；只发牢骚，不动手改造，失去了自身的参与，“牢骚”永远不能改变，那么这种“牢骚”就不再是推动社会进步的汽笛，而是社会发展中的噪音！
我欣赏伞下小伙子的做法，发牢骚不如干实事，自己动手，改造“牢骚”中的坏事物，那么牢骚之声就会日渐减少，那么一切就都会美好得多。生活小事如此，国家大事不也同理吗？
动手比动口更重要
一位姑娘被玻璃片扎了鞋，满怀感概地说一声：“唉，中国人的公德心呀„„”然而她自己却也是全然不理那扎人的玻璃碴儿，扬袖而去，这真是应了一句古语：“君子动口不动手”。我不由想到：动手比动口更为重要。
诚然，动口总还是必要的，然而光动口不去动手干，是很难解决什么实际问题的。有人在评价闻一多先生时说：“他，是口的巨人；他，是行动的高标。”这正是将动口与动手紧密地结合起来了。如果闻一多先生只是“口的巨人”，那他也不可能成为民盟的领袖人物，就是能成为领袖也不会有突出的业绩。动口总是无济大事，真正成事还靠动手。玻璃扎了鞋,不动手扫开它，它仍会扎鞋；树上的果子你不去摘它，它不会自动跑进筐子里，这是很明白的道理。爱因斯坦成功的“公式”中就有“少说空话”这一条。
多动手去干，这对于我们现在来说尤为重要。改革光凭口是“改不出来”的；全国人民的“小康”，也不是光凭口说出来的。要改革，要发展社会主义经济，要巩固社会主义制度，必须在“动口”的同时，尤其注意“动手”，真抓实干，坚持到底。
评析:
议论文《动手比动口更重要》，题目即揭示了中心论点。论述中，以闻一多、爱因斯坦的事例为论据，很有说服力。此外，从摘果子的小事到发展社会主义经济的大事，列举了诸多动手比动口重要的例子，语言简约而叙述完整。
写议论文最怕说绝对的话，本文“诚然，动口总还是必要的”一句，就避免了片面性，这是思维严密的表现。
文章篇幅虽短，却写得集中，紧紧围绕着“口”与“手”两字展开，论述语言和行动的关系。言与行二者虽都是不可缺少的，然而“手”比“口”“更”重要，一个“更”字突出了行动的地位。
己所不欲，勿施于人
文中的“红雨衣”，自己的车子被碎玻璃扎了带，便抱着“大家都沾点光”的心理，把玻璃踢得更散更碎。无独有偶，有人得了肝炎，偏上饭馆吃饭，说什么“有病大家得”。这两个事例看起来毫不相干，但却反映出他们共同的一种心态，即“己所不欲，强加于人”。
持有这种心态的人，在潜意识里认为，如果有人和自己遭受了同样的不幸，那么自己的痛苦就可以减轻。这是一种多么自私的想法！但是，这样做了，自己的痛苦就真的减轻了吗？我想也不过只是起到一种阿Q式的心理安慰作用罢了。
从表面上看起来，这样做的人是自私的，但是，他比自私者更有甚。他是把自己所经历过的或是正在经历着的痛苦强加在别人身上。而这种痛苦正是他自己所不愿接受的。他所获得的欢乐，正是建立在别人痛苦之上的。
有把“己所欲人，强加于人”的心态的人们，望你们能良知发现，懂得“己所不欲，勿施于人”。这样，就可以少发生许多不该发生的事情，那我们的社会就会更加美好一些，你说是吗？
评析:
同许多别的文比，本文在议论的角度上有独到之处。文章抓住材料中“红雨衣”自己的车子被扎坏后的“大家都沾点光”的心理加以批判。作者又举出现实生活中，肝炎病人下饭馆的同一类事例指出这是一种“己所不欲，强加于人”的自私心理。这种做法，非但不减轻自己的痛苦，反而是把自己的欢乐，建立在别人的痛苦之上。这是多么深刻的分析！从方法上看，这是层进式论点。文章在对错误心理进行批评的同时，从正面提出应该发扬“己所不欲，勿施于人”的中华传统美德，有破有立，很有说服力。从论证上说，这是对比论证。
第1段提出议论的论点，2、3段加以分析，第4段从正面提出希望，全文结构完整。此外，文章的语言于平易中见深刻，于严肃中见亲切。
第二篇：四级作文万能之议论文
Model 1问题—解决类作文写作
Example: social problems(pollution, porce)
problem.Accordingly,problem is becoming more and more serious.People have found many solutions to this problem.For instance, 一）.However, I’m against the idea of④（应反对的措施）We can imagine how uncomfortable it would be to
In brief, hardly rely on only one way to solve the problem completely.Model 2积极有利类作文写作
Example: Sports
Nowadays,例说明主题的现状）.Generally, its advantages can be listed as follows.First,Besides,Through the above analysis, my attitude toward this matter is positive, and the reasons are simple.It not only brings us 处之二）we have not expected.Therefore, I can see its bright future from now on.Model3利弊分析类写作
Example: The Opening of Universities to the Public
套路 1
Nowadays many people preferbecause it has a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First,But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that make matters worse,.Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones.Therefore, I would like to 法）.套路2
With the development of science and human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality.Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful.The phenomenon ofis an example of the former/latter ones.There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most typical ones.First,（优点二）.Eventually,④（优点三）.The negative effects on our life/or sth else could be seen in several ways, too.The apparent example is that.In addition,On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of the progress of the modern society.There is still a long way for us to
improve/eliminate
套路3
Everything has two sides of effects on human life.exception, too.The most apparent and positive effect isIt will bring us.It also will give us 明二）.the second advantage lies in④（优点二）.As I have mentioned above, however, A has a negative influence on.Furthermore, A could make us feel.Sometimes
From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.Only by that way,Model4观点对比类作文写作
套路1
The topic ofis becoming the most popular one recently.There are two sides of opinions about it.Some people sayAis their favorite.They hold their view for the reason of.What’ more, 二）Moreover④（理由三）.While others think thatBis a better choice in the following three reasons.Firstly,.Secondly, 三）.From my point of view, I think.The reason is that 因）.套路2
Many students like in②（主题）.some of them think thatA.They think that 因）and they should④（结果）.Other students, however, don’t think so.They feel thatB.They argue that 支持B的原因.I like A.Because.So, as a result, I 果）.By A, I can⑧（重申支持A的理由）.I like this way of⑨（主题）.Model 5.定义解释类写作
The good old proverbreminds us that , Indeed, we can learn many things from it.First of all,.For example,Secondly,（理由二）.Another case is that⑥（举例说明）.Furthermore,⑦（理由三）.In my opinion,Model 6图表作文
As is shown in the table(or in the graph), … dropped from … in 1994 to … in 1996.According to the figures given in the table, … has great increased(or
decreased)in the past … years(or decades), reaching … in 1996.From the table we can also see that there has been a sharp decline(or rise)in …It is clear that …
There are at least two good reasons for …On the one hand, …Let’s have an example to illustrate the great increase in …On the other hand, … is due to the fact that …In addition, … is responsible for …Maybe there are some other reasons
to show …But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable.As far as I am concerned, …/So my conclusion is that …I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.常用句首短语及句式（Phrases and Sentences Used to Start an Essay）
1．With the(rapidly)growing popularity of Internet surfing(computers/cars/mobile phones/pagers/PDP television/...)in China, the quality of our lives is improving for the better.2．With the(rapid)growth of our economy(heavy industries/transportation system/market economy/population/private enterprises/housing industry/...),an increasing number of problems, such as(water shortages/traffic jams/industrial pollution/waste of energy/desert spreading/...), are beginning to surface.3.With the(rapid)development of science and technology(market
economy/electronic industry/information industry/higher education/...)an increasing number of people come to realize that(knowledge is power/a weak nation has no International prestige/education is of vital importance ….4.There is a wide concern that many large state-owned companies are in deficit(quite a few Chinese cities face the problem of water shortages, industrial pollution and waste of energy/various kind of superstition flare up/...).5．Currently, there is a widespread concern over drug abuse(high unemployment
rate / wildlife extinction /environmental pollution/desertification/organized crime/widespread corruption /energy crisis/water shortages/traffic
jams/increasing traffic accidents/...).6.In the past two decades(In the past five years), millions of private enterprises
(private schools / supermarkets / fast food restaurants/...)have mushroomed all over China
7.There are three major values of owning a car(a computer/an apartment/a
mobile phone/a
beeper/...).To begin with...Next...Last...There are, on the other hand, more reasons against it.First(!y)...Second(!y)...Finally…
8.Different people have different attitudes towards the biding of the 29th
Olympic Games(access to WTO/private cars/high unemployment rate/Internet surfing/private schools/state monopoly of
telecommunication/urbanization/stock/...)Some are in favor of...while others are against…
9.When it comes to the access to WTO(Internet surfing / private schools /
brain-drain / e-business / high rate of unemployment/China's football / recycling / widespread corruption …)most people believe that...But other people argue that...10.Recently, extensive studies(statistics/surveys/investigations/...)show
(reveal/indicate/ demonstrate/prove/...)that 107 Chinese cities and 1231 small towns suffer water shortages.常用句尾短语及句式（Phrases and Sentences Used to End an Essay）
1.Without computer(cell telephone/PDP
television/cars/microelectronics/telecommunication/ Internet/genetics advances/...), it would be difficult to imagine modern life.2.We should redouble our efforts to build China into a powerful
(prosperous/better...)nation with international prestige
3.It is imperative for us to take effective measures to correct the situation(fight corruption/ hold back a tidal wave of crime/terminate excessive exploitation of natural resources/ease water shortages/...)
4..In order to make our world a better place in which to live, we must learn to
live in harmony with all wildlife species(stop polluting our environment right away/conscientiously follow family planning).5． In short,(population explosion, environmental pollution and exhaustion of
natural resources)are the major problems to be solved to make our world a better place in which to live.6.I want to be a teacher(a doctor/or to do something)not only because.., but also because.7.It goes without saying that science and technology constitute the primary productive force(knowledge is something/creativity is everything/cheating never pays/...).
第三篇：经典英语之议论文
观点议论文
关于健康
About Doing Physical Exercise 关于体育运动
Physical exercise is very important to a happy life.There is a famous saying: “Life lies on exercise.” Although you will not necessarily die without regular physical exercises, they' II certainly help you live longer and more healthily.Exercise is good for us to build up our bodies and improve our health.It lets the heart beat faster than usual, and then helps enlarge the blood vessels to protect us from heart attacks.Exercise can also contribute to the development of our ability to response quickly.For example, playing table-tennis can make you respond faster.In a word, exercise is helpful, important and necessary.How to Keep Healthy 如何保持健康
例1
The desire for good health is universal.Especially nowadays, the possession of good health is regarded by nearly everyone as vital to a happy and successful life.Only if you are in good shape can you expect to live comfortably or work efficiently.Then, how to keep healthy? First, enough time should be set aside for sleep, rest and doing exercises.Secondly, you must break bad habits that damage your health, such as smoking and drinking too much alcohol.Finally, be sure to have your physical check-up regularly.As for me, I have always been taking care to have proper sleep and relaxation.In my spare time I like running, swimming, and playing table tennis.So, I can keep fit and have a good life.例2 Nowadays, more and more people know the importance of keeping healthy.Without a healthy body, we can do nothing.For me , there are three main ways to keep healthy.First, it is necessary to keep a balanced diet, which is the basic of good health.It is better for us to have more fruit and vegetable every day.Secondly, it is important to take regular exercise, such as swimming, jogging and so on.Last but not least, it is essential to keep in a good mood.Relaxation and entertainment are ways to renew our spirits and release our stress.When we make healthy habits a part of our everyday life, we are bound to keep healthy.Wealth and Health 财富与健康
As a joke goes, the young try to accumulate wealth by sacrificing their health while the old are desperate to restore health by wealth they have owned.The fast-paced modern society places its members in a dilemma: if one wants to possess great wealth, he will have to keep busy all the time, which would always endanger his health.Wealth seems to be too attractive to resist, for the industrialized society prices almost everything that one needs to survive.Health, however, cannot be earned in the way wealth is obtained but can only be consumed.Once health is neglected, it can be hardly regained in the future.Therefore, the question of wealth and health should attract great attention from the public so that they might make the balance.Is Stress a Bad Thing? 有压力是坏事吗
Are you afraid of stress? Today I want to talk about stress.Let me share my opinion with you.Some people regard stress as a monster.They are terrified of stress.But other people think stress is a good thing for them.In my eyes, although much pressure is put on me, I’ll receive them as a gift.At first, stress encourages me a lot.It seems to tell me I have to work hard.Being lazy will let me get low marks.Secondly, proper stress develops my self-confidence.I still believe I’ll do better than others.Finally, if someone gives me a lot of stress, it shows he cares for me.I’ll work harder to make him happy.I always have much stress on studying.Well, I’ll have many ways to deal with it.If I feel tired, I’ll take a deep breath, play the piano for a while or walk my dog.Doing these things makes me relaxed.At last, I want to say if you have so much pressure, finding proper ways to deal with it is the most important.Don’t be nervous.Don’t be afraid of it!Believe yourself!
Then you will find everything is very easy.Smoking Is Harmful 吸烟有害
It has been estimated that smokers have made up half of the population in China.And the smokers are becoming younger and younger, even including some middle school students.Nowadays more and more people have realized smoking can do harm to people’s health.However, some people still enjoy smoking.Why? Because some of them think it is a kind of fashion;some think it is of great fun and some others think that smoking can refresh themselves.In fact, smoking is a bad habit.It can cause a lot of diseases.Meanwhile smoking is a waste of money.Besides, careless smokers may cause dangerous fires.Smoking is harmful and it is not only bad for smokers themselves, but also bad for non-smokers.Therefore, I hope all the smokers can give up smoking for themselves and also for the people around them.Health and Eating Habit 健康与饮食习惯
As we all know, we are what we eat.Therefore, it’s very important for us to develop healthy eating habits.However, bad eating habits are still very common among us students.Some of us often go to school without breakfast;some like to have snacks;some others are particular about food and still some eat or drink too much.All these bad habits will surely do harm to our health.To keep fit, we should have various healthy diets, which generally include proper amounts of fish, meat, vegetables, fruit as well as main food.Besides, we’d better have meals regularly.In my opinion, we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body.Only in this way can we have enough energy to study better.关于环境
Water Pollution 水污染
例1 Today, I read a piece of news about water pollution in Taihu Lake in a newspaper.But water pollution exists not only in Taihu Lake but also in some other rivers, lakes and seas in our country.Without any doubt, water pollution is a serious problem today.Rivers, lakes and even oceans all over the world are being polluted by garbage and dangerous chemicals.Oil and other chemicals can kill fish and make water unsafe for drinking.More and more people have realized how serious the problem is.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.We've done a good deal of work, but there's still a long way to go.We must keep on fighting until we find ways to protect the environment from being polluted, and do away with pollution.We are sure that we'll win the battle.Goodbye, water pollution!例2 Water pollution has been a serious problem.With the development of industry, water pollution is becoming more serious now.The polluted water not only kills fish, it is also harmful to our health.Many people get sick because they drink the polluted water.In some rivers the water is so dirty that they can even kill plants.People can't live without water so we should fight against the pollution.Our government has taken measures to protect the rivers against pollution.People also realize the seriousness of the pollution.We should stop using harmful things and keep the water clean.I wish it is not a dream that in the near future we can have clean rivers again.Plant More Trees 种更多的树
1.树是一种重要的自然资源；
2.树有利于环境的改善；
3.让我们多种树。
Trees are important resources.They provide us with wood, which is not only an important building material, but also indispensable in making paper, furniture, matches and many other useful things.Without tress, we would perhaps still be living in caves, and our life would be very miserable.Trees also do good to our environment.They not only make our world greener and more beautiful but also produce oxygen which makes the air we breathe fresher and better for our health.What’s more, trees help maintain ecological balance, which is very important to our survival.Fortunately, trees, unlike other resources, can be “reproduced”.While coal and oil can be burnt up and exhausted, trees will never be used up because we can always plant new ones.And when we plant trees, we know that we are helping make our world richer, pleasanter, and more beautiful to live in.So let’s plant more trees.关于成功
The Way to Success 内容需包括以下方面：
1.每个人都试图在事业上获得成功；2.获得成功的要索；3.我坚信…
Everyone tries to achieve success in his/her career.But some finally attain their aims while others fail.Why？ Some continue their cause to the end through long period of hard struggles, but others are easily disappointed and stop halfway.Strong will, perseverance and diligence are the three essentials of success.A man of strong will and perseverance always has an inflexible spirit.He sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be.Life is short and we have too much to do.Without diligence no one can achieve anything.I believe that where there is a will there is a way, and that success belongs to those who can make constant efforts.Don't be afraid of life.Believe that life is worth living, and your belief will help create the fact.Failure Is the Mother of Success(失败乃成功之母)
Everyone may fail in his life.But different people treat failure differently.Some are afraid of failure, while others welcome it.I think failure is a good thing.Failure can be a good teacher.It can reveal that where we need improvement.So we know where we should invest more time and energy, and what strategy to take.In this way, failure teaches us to be better the second time around.As they say,“ The more you try, the more you'll succeed.” No one can keep from failure.If we can turn failure to our advantages, we will succeed sooner or later.My View on luck 1.一些人把成功归于运气；
2.另一些人把运气看作是成功的结果；
3.我的看法。
When talking about one's fate, some people think that luck is one of the important factors that determine one's success.When one manages to do something, people would say, “You have good luck.”While one fails, people would say, “You are unlucky”.But some people hold a different views, they believe that nothing but diligence is the mother of good luck.People can gain success only by their hard work and efforts.On the other hand, good luck doesn't occur all the time.To my mind, I believe that success comes from diligence and hard work.关于金钱
On Money/ Money is Not Everything Money is regarded by some people as the most important thing in life.It is even regarded as the symbol of wealth and social position.For example, with plenty of money a man can do whatever he wants to.He can afford expensive cars and luxurious houses, and he can travel around the world and visit as many interesting places as he wants to.In their eyes, money is everything in life.In my opinion, money is not everything.Money can both benefit people and do harm to them.On the one hand, we can't deny that money is useful.We need money to buy food or a house or pay our education cost.Money can make us live more comfortably.For example, with more money, we can help others and take part in more social activities and receive a good education, thus increasing our knowledge and developing our skills.On the other hand, some people try to get money by dishonest means, for example, they often cheat and gamble, even rob and kill people.Sooner or later, they will be punished by the law.Money can bring them nothing but misery.城市和乡村
Living in a Big City Recently, thousands of people are rushing into big cities to settle down.I think that people who move to big cities must enjoy the advantages of city life.I am certainly a supporter among them.If you live in a big city, shopping centers, restaurants and recreation centers are always within easy reach.Therefore, it's very convenient to buy various goods.In addition, people in big cities can participate in different activities more often than those living in the country.However, crowded big cites are being faced with many problems.The most serious ones are “Traffic jam”, “housing condition”, and “pollution”.So we should pay more attention to the environment and public facilities.Only in this way can we live in great comfort.My View of the Country Life and Town life/ City Life and
Suburban Life 我对城市和乡村生活的看法/ 城市生活和郊区生活
内容需包括以下方面：
1.有一种观点认为：城市生活比乡村生活好；2.你对这种观点的看法；3.你的结论。
Some people believe that town life is better than country life.I don’t agree with this.Town life can be convenient to us in many aspects.For example, you can move around easily, shopping can be more fun in a big shopping mall and you can enjoy a more colorful nightlife.But there are also many disadvantages.It is much nosier than in the country.Air pollution is more serious.It is not easy to park your car.It costs more to live in town.To name but a few is enough.Therefore, I prefer country life.Where to Live 1.有人喜欢住在城市 2.有人喜欢住在农村 3.我的看法
Where to Live 例1 Some people prefer to live in the big cities.Life in the city enjoys many advantages.Take education for example, usually schools in the city have better facilities and teachers.Secondly, life in the city is very convenient because shopping centers, restaurants, cinemas and supermarkets are always within easy reach.But some other people prefer to live in the countryside.Compared with the life in the city, life in the countryside is simpler, more peaceful and with slower pace.People can get closer to the nature and enjoy the beauty of nature.From my point of view, as far as I’m still studying and working, I think life in the city is more suitable for me because I can have more opportunities in the city.Furthermore, I want to make use of the better facilities in the city to enrich my life.After I retire, I’ll consider moving to the countryside to live a healthier and simpler life.例2 Living in the city or in the country is really a problem for some people because both of them have strengths and weaknesses.Living in the city, undoubtedly, will have more convenience than living in the country.There are good infrastructures, convenient traffic, completely health service, different kinds of shops that meet your different needs and various means of entertainment.You could live in a modern flat and enjoy a cozy life.However, there also exist some common problems, such as, pollution, noises, traffic jams.Compared with living in the city, living in the country may avoid above problems.Besides, usually, the environment in the country is much better.But another problem appears.What seem to be the advantages for living in the city have become the disadvantages for living in the country.Inconvenience is the biggest one among all of these.So people who face to make a decision must have a good balance of both sides.To me, according to the situation of China, I prefer to live in the city.An important reason is that the development of city is far beyond that of country.Some countries, especially in remote areas, are still very poor and backward.The life there is still very tough and difficult.Nevertheless, nothing is absolutely, some people still would rather choose live in the country, it is really up to yourself.Remember, happy and comfortable are the purposes.选择住在城市还是乡村对于某些人来说是一个真正的问题。因为不管住哪里各自都有利有弊。
住在城市，毫无疑问，肯定比住在乡村要便捷的多。城市有好的公共设施，方便的交通，完善的健康服务体系，各种各样的商场来满肚你不同的需要和各种娱乐设施。你可以住在一个现代的公寓里享受着舒适的生活。然而，住在城市也有些共同的问题，比如：污染，噪音和交通堵塞。
相比住在城市，住在乡村可以避免以上的问题。而且，通常，住在乡村的环境要比城市好很多。但是其他问题又出现了。似乎住在城市的优点成了住在乡村的缺点。其中不便捷就是众多问题中最大的一个。因此，人们面对选择时，必须要考虑双方的平衡。
对我而言，根据中国的现状，我宁愿选择住在城市。最重要的一个原因是城市的发展要远远比乡村的发展发达。有些乡村，尤其是偏远农村地区，是非常贫穷和落后的。那里的生活非常的艰苦和困难。然而，任何事情都没有绝对的，有些人宁愿选择乡村，这完全取决于你自己。只要记住，快乐和舒适是其目的就好。
Instructions: 建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。
City Life and Suburban Life In recent years more and more homes are being pushed outwards as the activities of business, government and pleasure tend to be concentrated in the centers of the cities.Although most people are reluctant to move to the outskirts of the cities, I feel like living in the suburbs.It is true that the city can provide much convenience and entertainment, the very reason why people can't bear to part with city life.But the cost for the privilege of living in the city is also high.What's more, there is more gas and noise pollution in the city, which is full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the roar of buses and taxies, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.In contrast, living near the countryside one can enjoy the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the quiet, peaceful surroundings-the essentials of a healthy life.Although living in the suburbs one may suffer a little discomfort brought about by the necessity of traveling miles to work every day, it means nearly nothing when thinking of the high cost and heavily polluted environment of the city.The new suburban life is fast becoming a predominant pattern of living in most cities;and with the improvement of traffic and the perfection of services, it will prove to hold great superiority over city life.城市生活和郊区生活
近年来越来越多的家庭因为商业活动的发展而被推到城市的外围。政府和娱乐中心占据着城市的中心。尽管大多数人不情愿搬到城市的郊区地带，而我感觉住在郊区其实也挺好。
城市可以提供更多的便捷和娱乐，这也是为什么很多人无法忍受没有这些的生活。但是住在城市的生活成本也是很高。而且，城市里人口拥挤，公共汽车、出租车汽油燃烧后的有毒废气和噪音的污染更加严重。相比之下，住在郊区既可以享受清洁的大气，接近自然地宁静环境-这些事健康生活的本质。尽管住在郊区可能遭受每天乘车往返中旅途的一点点不舒适，但是考虑到生活成本和城市环境的严重污染，这点不舒适就不算什么了。
新的郊区生活将很快成为大多数城市的主流生活方式。随着交通服务设施的完善提高，住在郊区将有着城市生活得优势。
Instructions: 建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。Where to Live 1.有人喜欢住在城市 2.有人喜欢住在农村 3.我的看法。
谈你喜欢的城市交通方式 内容需包括以下方面：1.哪一种是你最喜欢的交通方式；2.阐述你的理由；3.作出结论。
Which means of transportation do you prefer? In a modern city, there are many means of transportation, such as subway, taxi, bus and so on.But my favorite means of transportation is by bike.First, riding a bike is good for keeping healthy.I spend one hour riding a bike to my office on my working day, and I think it is a good form of physical exercise.Secondly, it is money-saving.Recently, the private car drivers always complain the price of gas is higher and higher, but if you ride a bike, it will cost you nothing.Thirdly, it is beneficial for protecting the environment, so it is a “green” form of transportation.Therefore, although it has some disadvantages, I like riding a bike best.最……的
Interest Is the Best Teacher 兴趣是最好的老师
例1 I was not able to get high marks when I was in primary school.Teachers didn’t like me because I was not a good student.Mother considered me as a bad kid.They hurt me by thinking I am a retarded child.But I am no fool.Almost all of my paintings were showed in public.Many famous artists had praised me for my paintings.They called me “little genius”.And dad was on my side too.He encouraged me to do what I liked and what I thought was proper.He told me that interest is the best teacher;Dad did what he could to develop my talent fully.I believe that interest together with hard work will make me a successful artist in the near future.例2 In our life the best teacher is our interest.If we do something with great interest, we can not only save a lot of time and energy but also do a much better job.On the contrary, if we start doing something without any interest, we may feel bored very soon, let alone do a satisfactory job finally.Since interest is of great importance in our study, work as well as our daily life, it is very necessary for us to arouse our interest in things.We are expected to discover the interesting sides while doing something before we develop our interest gradually in it.If we have had great interest in doing something, we need to make a good use of it and exploit its advantages to the full.In conclusion, all of us need to be directed by our best teacher—interest.我们生活中最好的老师是兴趣。如果我们做一些事情有很大兴趣，那么我们不仅可以节约大量的时间和精力，还能干得很好。相反，如果我们开始做一件事便没什么兴趣，我们很快便会感觉非常无聊，更不必说最后能把事情做好了。
由于兴趣对我们的学习、工作和日常生活有着重要意义，我们有必要激发我们的兴趣。我们在干事情的过程中就应该发现事情有趣的一面，逐渐培养我们的兴趣。如果我们本来就对干一件事有很大兴趣，我们则需要好好利用我们的兴趣。
总之，我们每一个人都需要受到我们最好的老师—兴趣的指导。
Parents Are the Best Teachers 父母是最好的老师
内容需包括以下方面： 1.父母是最好的老师； 2.解释其中的原因； 3.重申观点。
We will all have many teachers in our lives.They include not only our teachers in school, but our classmates and friends, our colleagues and our bosses and, most importantly, our parents.Our parents are our first and best teachers because they teach us the most important things in life, teach us continually and always have our best interests at heart.First, our parents begin teaching us the moment we are born, and what they teach us in those early years are the most important things we can learn.They teach us how to get along with other people.In addition, they teach us how to be independent and how to learn.Of course, they also teach us language and many other practical skills.Second, our parents are always teaching us whether we realize it or not.They teach both in words and by example.Finally, our parents are devoted teachers who always want the best for us.Their purpose for teaching us is to prepare us for a good life in the future.Throughout our lives we will learn from many people, for there is something that we can learn from everyone we meet.However, no teacher can take the place of our parents because they are our most devoted and best teachers.Honesty Is the Best Policy 诚实乃上策
There is an English proverb which says（saying）“Honesty is the best policy.”It signifies the importance of honesty.What are the benefits of honesty？If you are honest to others，they will be honest to you in return.When you are sad，they will comfort you.When you are in trouble，they will help you.There is no enumerating the evils of dishonesty here.In a word，a dishonest man will be looked down upon by others and（be）regarded as a public enemy.Honesty is better than dishonesty.Firstly, honesty is one of traditional virtues of China.We should regard it as our motto.Secondly, honesty will bring not only happiness but also respect to you.On the contrary, dishonesty will cause many serious results.On one hand, your d ishonesty will make other people distrust you.People begin to doubt your words and actions.It is a punishment to you.On the other hand, dishonesty dose harm to other people, even our country.In a word, honesty is the best policy.With the development of society, credit system will be founded.People will get benefit from their honesty.The society without honesty can’t develop stably and rapidly.We should abide our social law and regulation and contribute to our country.East or west, home is best.金窝银窝不如自家的狗窝
What’s the best place in your heart? If I ask you where the best place is in your heart, perhaps you may say it’s Zhongnanhai, the White House or the Kremlin Palace.But I’ll tell you that it’s home rather than any one of them.Because a proverb says well that “East or west, home is best.”
That’s why? Because home is the port of our soul and the only one place that we are looking forward to going for the whole life.Because I think home means all to me and anybody else.It’s home where we can go whenever we are hurt or tired.It is also home where we can enjoy the feelings of parents, brothers and sisters.It’s home that that fights against wind or rain whether in the day time or at night.In a word, whatever we do and wherever we go, home is the best place that we can go forever.Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?
大学应向游客开放吗
内容提示：
1．校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同。你的观点； 2．阐述你的理由； 3．结论，重申观点。
It is true that many university campuses, especially those of the famous ones, have recently become the new tourist attractions.Some people are quite in favor of the campus’ opening to tourists while others are opposed to it.The opening of campus will stimulate the tourist industry, but the easier access to campus will lead to some accidents or safety problems which will interfere in students’ life.In my opinion, campuses can be open to tourists once a week, say, on Saturday or Sunday.This suggestion, I believe, is quite workable because it could kill two birds with one stone.For one thing, campuses could attract many tourists on weekends, thus boosting the tourism.For another, restricted opening of campus will beneficially narrow the gap between campuses and the outside world.Furthermore, this will also attract more public attention and build a great reputation for the university.Failure is the Mother of Success.失败乃成功之母 1.你对“失败乃成功之母”的看法； 2.举例说明你的看法。
All of us experience failure every now and then.A merchant may fail in his business and a student may fail in his examination.Some people will avoid failure at all costs.For me, failure can be a good teacher.There is some wisdom to be learned from failure.If we can learn to turn a failure to our advantage, we will have learned another secret to success.For example, when we fail in our exams, it’s time for us to ask why we failed.Is it because of our inattention in class or our laziness after class or unclear explanation of the teacher or our poor learning style? If we can find the key, I am sure we will succeed in our exams.That’s how I overcome my difficulties in my study.Failure is the mother of success and success that comes after failure is so sweet.Advantages and Disadvantages of the Mobile Phone 1.手机的好处； 2.手机带来的问题。
Being a product of high-technology, mobile phones are being more and more widely used.It's small in size, light in weight and easy to carry, offering fast and convenient service for communication.It's of multi-function.The users use it for calling, sending short messages and internet-surfing.In spite of the advantage mentioned above, student users often waste a lot of time chatting over the phone in their spare time, some even use them to cheat in exams.In addition, mobile phone bill is also a heavy burden on students' families.What’s more, it’s reported that mobile phone can do harm to our health.Maybe we should learn to use mobile phone reasonably.
第四篇：大学语文之议论文
《国语》简介： 《国语》，又名《春秋外传》或《左氏外传》，约成书于战国时期。历来相传为春秋末年鲁国的左丘明所撰，但有的现代学者从内容判断，认为是战国时期的学者依据春秋时期各国史官记录的原始材料整理编辑而成的。《国语》是我国最早的一部国别体史书，全书共二十一卷(篇)，分八国(周、鲁、齐、晋、郑、吴、越)记事，记事时间起自西周中期，下迄春秋战国之交，前后约500年。相较《左传》，《国语》所记前后事件大都不相连属，且偏重记言，往往通过言论反映事实，以人物之间的对话刻画人物形象，具有一定的文学价值。原文
厉王虐，国人谤王，召公告王日：“民不堪命矣”。2王怒，得卫巫，使监谤者3。以告4，则杀之。国人莫敢音，道路以目5。王喜，告召公曰：“吾能弭谤矣，乃不敢言！”
召公日：“是障之也6。防民之口，甚于防川。川壅而溃7，伤人89必多；民亦如之。是故为川者决之使导，为民者宣之使言。故天子10111213听政，使公卿至于列士献诗，瞽献曲,史献书,师箴，瞍赋14，矇诵15，百工谏16，庶人传语17，近臣尽规18，亲戚补察19，瞽史教诲20，耆2223艾修之21：而后王斟酌焉。是以事行而不悖。民之有口，犹土之有2425山川也，财用于是乎出。犹其原隰衍沃也，衣食于是乎生。口之宣言也，善败于是乎兴26。行善而备败27，其所以阜财用衣食者也28。夫29民虑之于心而宣之于口，成而行之，故可壅也？若壅其口，其与能30几何？”
王弗听。于是国人莫敢出言。三年乃流王于彘31。【课文注释】 1．本文选白《国语·周语上》。召公：一作“邵公“即召穆公，名虎，时为周厉王的卿士。饵谤消饵民间对帝王的各种议论指责，即以政治高压手段压制思想言论自由。2．民不堪命：意为老百姓无法忍受(厉王)的暴政。命：指厉王景虐的各种政令3．使监谤者：让卫巫去监视发表意见的百姓。4．以告：即“以之告“，省略介词宾语“之”字。(卫巫)指议论者告知厉王。
5．道路以目：百姓在路上相遇，不敢讲话，只能彼此默默以目示意。6．障：阻拦。意为哲时阻挡，并未彻底制止。7．川壅而溃：筑堤坝防河水，水易于堑基，会导致溃堤。
8．为川者：(善于)治水的人。决之使导：排除整障之物，使河水畅流。9．为民者：(善于)治理国家、统治民众的人。宣之使言：引导老百姓讲话。
10．献诗：从民间采集对帝王讽谏的诗篇(歌谣)送给帝王看。11．盲人乐师。曲：乐曲，指反映民间呼声的作品。12．史：史官。书：史书典籍，指可供借鉴历史经验的书籍。
13．师：少师，位低于太师的乐官。箴（zhēn）：寓有警戒作用的文辞，类似现在的警句、格言、座右铭。14．瞍(sǒu)：盲人。赋：不歌而诵。15．蒙(méng)：盲人。召公谏厉王弭谤1《国语》
诵：不讲究声调节真的诵读。
16．百工：宫廷里的乐工，—说指宝造宫室的官员和工匠。17．传语：间接地反映意见。
18．尽规：(经常)向帝王进言规劝。尽：同“进”。19．亲戚：帝王宗室成员。补察：弥补帝王过失，监瞥帝王行为是非。20．教诲：(用礼仪礼法对帝王)数育、引导。21．耆艾：分别指60岁、50岁的长者，这里指帝王的师傅。修：散伤、告、提醒。
22．斟酌：指谨慎地决策行政。23．悖：逆，违背。24．出：出产，产生。25．原隰(xí)、衍沃：分别指不同的土地的类型：觅阔平坦、低洼潮湿、地势低而平、有河流可次灌溉。26．善败于足乎兴：(国家政事)的好坏由此而体现出来。27．行善：凡民众认为好的，就推行。备败：凡民众认为坏的，就防范。28．阜：增加，增多。29．成而行之：考虑成熟之后自然(必然)流露(表达)出来。
30．与能几何：能有多少人来辅助你(帝王)呢？与：在此作 “助”，解。31．流：流放、放逐。彘(zhì)：晋地，在今山西县境内。
[本课要点] 1．《国语》是最早的国别体史书。共21卷，分八国记事。记此条可联系《战国策》、《左传》和《史记》。
2．重要成语：道路以目；防民之口，甚于防川。3．主要论证方法：类比论证。4．联系现实：对待群众意见，是以棒止谤，还是虚心纳谏？可以参看臧克家的《纳谏与止谤》。［课后练习］ 一.解释下列加点的词语
1.厉王虐，国人谤王。．2.民不堪命矣！．3.吾能弥谤矣。．4.若壅其口，其与能几何？ ．二.阅读下面语段，回答问题 王喜，告召公曰：“吾能弭谤矣，乃不敢言”。
召公曰：“是障之也，防民之口，甚于防川。川壅而溃，伤人必多；民亦如之。是故为川者决之使导，为民者宣之使言。故天子听政，使公卿至于列士献诗，瞽献曲，史献书，师筑，瞍赋，蒙诵，百工谏，庶人传话，近臣尽规，亲戚补察，瞽、史教诲，耆艾修之，而后王斟酌焉。是以事行而不恃。民之有口也，犹土之有山川也，财用於是乎出；犹其原隰衍沃也，衣食於是乎生。口之宣言也，善败于是乎兴，行善而备败，其所以阜财用，衣食者也。夫民虑之于心而宣之於口，成而行之胡可壅也？若壅其口，其与能几何？ 1.“川壅而溃，伤人必多；民亦如之。“用的论证方法是什么，说明怎样的道理？
2．召公认为为君者应该怎样治国？
三、简答题
1.概述全文的主要内容。
2.周厉王拒谏的深层次原困是什么？又给今人留下了怎样的历史教训？
第五篇：三思而后行议论文作文
三思而后行，是一种态度，一种修养，一种素质，一种能力，下面是小编整理的三思而后行议论文作文，快来看看吧。
【篇一：行而后三思_550字】
孔子曾说过一句妇孺皆知的话：“三思而后行”。意思是：遇事要多多思考，然后才可以做出决定。他认为：这样把握行事回避免出错，失败。小心翼翼的办事比较好。
可是，在现在这个充满机遇与挑战的时代，如果凡事都“三思而后行”的话，就可能错过最佳的机会，要知道：“机不可失，时不再来。”呀！即使事后你想出再好的办法，可“时已晚矣”，又有何用？
小心行事，三思后行固然有一定的道理，可我们更需要遇事勇于作决定，并且大胆地尝试，行而后三思！这是伟人们给我们指引的前进方向！
远近闻名的伽利略，大胆尝试，推翻了两千多年的错误理论；名垂青史的李时珍，为造福与人类，大胆品尝数百种不知药性的草药；举世无双的爱迪生，大胆的创造了一千多种新物品，成为了人人皆知的发明大王……
如果不勇于行动，将只能碌碌终生，一事无成，再多的思考也无非是纸上谈兵，无济于事。
当然，世间没有百战不败的将军，或许，你向前迈的那一步错了，但你依旧是伟大的，证明你勇于向上攀登，敢于挑战新的高度！人们不常说：“不怕犯错，就怕知错不改吗？”失败乃成功之母，不经风雨，何以见彩虹？
而且，起初的“行”的失败，就是为了让后面的“三思”起到总结经验教训的作用，让失败给自己留下深刻的印象，绝不允许自己在同一地点跌倒第二次！这样，我们才会拥有真正的收获！面临我们正是成功！
让我们大胆尝试，总结经验，行而后三思吧！
【篇二：三思而后行议论文】
走过了多少日子，载过了多少春秋。
时间匆促得抓不住，时常站在时光的高铁上，一遍遍效忠着自己的青春，接着再风一般的翩然林间。风过了的年华，时间把它风化了，留在记忆的匣子里退却，但我却想说我不懂。我不懂为何我们要一遍遍的对自己撒下弥天大谎，再哭着闹着说自己想如何去弥补这段仓促的过失。
路是自己走过的，如同奔流的大河，它永远是一种大江东去的情怀，从不倒流，即使时间把它忘记，它依然在幻灭的国度里流光溢彩。我们在听它留下的声音中，不禁一遍遍感叹出哀婉的小情怀。为何就不能好好相处呢？
‘不是我们不替你们着想，是我们不知道怎么安静才是你们想要’。
在花开一夏的时光里，我们面对中考应试，是怅然，也是努力。我们明白自己的命运，就是它来决定我们的去向，我们要努力，是我们唯一做的。但是我们依然忙中偷闲，寻一份静谧。带上愉快的心情，在教室一隅，欣赏天边那份宁静的景致，在时不时看看周边即将离别的好友，在这匆忙之际，再在那画满了大大小小的几何图形的草稿纸上认认真真写下对这班级的不舍和依恋。
小小的情怀在那一刻被打开，我突然变得不懂了，为什么在以前总是有那么多的无可奈何的不合，生气，争吵，打架，最后在班委的劝导下板着一张吓死三千大众的脸走开，你说这是为何？
在安静的自习课上，一个小纸团不小心砸中了你，为何不会心平气和，轻轻的捡起纸团放到垃圾桶呢，无端引起是非之后，为什么不就是一个小小的道歉，真的有那么困难么？然后一定要老师大发雷霆命令你们写下五百字的检讨才肯收手呢。你说这是为何？
在最后的冲刺阶段，如果不要听课，让生死听天由命，那又何必再到这个教室来污染这圣洁的氛围，脏话脱口便出，打扰同学，也让同学心生厌恶。不如好好相处，度过这最后几天呢？
我们可以选择向大江一样在波涛声中敲击心灵的强音，在流经每个地方时，你们，是否可以三思而后行？
【篇三：三思而后行议论文】
每个成功人士都是成熟、慎重的，这些成功人士每做一件事都会三思而后行，之所以会写这个话题，是因为生活，生活中有太多太多没有在大脑中过滤一遍的就脱口而出闹的笑话。
譬如：昨日，我们班刚刚站好路队，突然发现前面来了两位老师，定眼一看，是科学老师和社会老师。李翘签平时是个爱打招呼的同学，看到两位老师正往前走，生怕错过这个机会，于是，赶紧迎上前去，打了一声招呼“两位科学老师好！”忽然，队中死一般的寂静，接着是狂笑不止，李翘签脸红的像个大苹果，一路上都用书包挡着脸，不敢露面呢！
凡事需三思而后行，这句话犹如一块千斤重石，压在我的心头。仔细回想，有的同学在做家庭作业的时候，看到一些较难的题，不知怎么做，可为了节省时间去玩耍，寥寥草草用一般解决基础题的办法写上，到第二天，老师对答案，恰巧让你说说这一题的答案，你一看自己的答案不正确，就四处看旁边的同学的，结果因为太紧张看不清楚，把自己的错答案说了出去，被同学们一致否决，你心里是什么滋味？谁让你做题的时候不三思而后行呢？
回答问题的时候，如果想也不想就举手，那肯定是不行的，必须要想了又想，尽管回答的不对，那也要保证语言流畅呀！
三思而后行，是一种态度，一种修养，一种素质，一种能力，经常如此，于是就有了“要养成三思而后行的习惯”
曾经有个贫者说自己要去南海，而富者讥笑着说自己多年来都梦想着去南海，然而凭借自己雄厚的财力物力也没有成功，你凭什么去呢！很明显，以富者的经济基础的确更有可能到达南海，但南海之路的迢迢漫漫、艰难险阻击碎了富者的南海之梦，对于贫者又怎样呢？连富者都到不了南海，富者也不赞成我去，去很难吧？
于是贫者选择了放弃。不！不是这样的！放弃通常不是一种合适的生活态度，面对困境更是不能轻言放弃。世之奇伟瑰丽之观多在人迹罕见之处，不可轻得也。一位著名的登山队员曾说过：“登上珠穆朗玛峰的快感哪个小土丘可以媲美的！”所以贫者并没有放弃。他考虑着，南海是不可到达的吗？当然不是，佛教圣地永远对每个来访者敞开胸怀。一瓶一钵足乎？足矣。一路上不求风景如画，不求安逸舒适，只求最后到达神圣的所在。我能到达吗？我相信我能。
可见，三思而后行是非常重要的，一次不慎重就导致终身遗憾，凡事，需谨慎行事，否则，成不了大器也！
【篇四：能思考的苇草】
我很喜欢那样一个比喻：“人是能思考的苇草。”也许思考就是那个让人可以凌驾于万物之上的台阶。但也正是这思考的能力赋予了人类以思想，从而把人类置于了很多旭旭的境地，比如亲情与真理。
我清楚地记得康德曾经说过：“有两样东西我越是思考就越感到无上敬畏之情，我们头上的灿烂星空，我们心中的道德法则。”这句镑刻在人类思想史上的话语，也许很精当地为人类摆脱尴尬境地，提供了柳暗花明的一招坚持自然真理与思想的道德法则。也许这样，人类才可以真正做一棵生长在自然之基上的能思考的苇草。
我相信人类在判断认知事物的时候一定都会烙上思想感情的印迹，更何况是那样一种与生俱来挥之不去的神圣感情。中国历史长河中清风明月般的人物当然有，但是完全割裂亲情毫无私念的例子又实在不算多。而我也许真的不太主张做一个冷血无情的人，否则世界没有了感情，也没有了色彩。
我很喜欢鲁迅，喜欢他那横眉下的犀利思想。先生一定可以算是一个深刻的人。而先生客观冷静的观点绝不是众叛亲离而来的，“无情末必真豪杰，怜子如何不丈夫”这是先生的诗，而先生也是这样做的。所以先生的面孔永远是鲜活的，泛着血的殷红。
世界失去了亲情的牵绊将会变得多么苍白，多么令人窒息。当然我们也很难接受一个亲情泛滥的、失真与扭曲的世界。我相信人们可以找到一个折中的契合点，而不是偏激地走向极端。
去过草原的人一定会惊异于牧草的柔顺和坚韧，人这棵可以思考的苇草也许也应该这样遵循着自然与思想的双重法则在风中生存。
柔情也许是一把双刃剑，正负的功能淬于一身，但也许它更可以算是一把刻刀，在尊重真理的前提下刻出生活的特质与生命的特质：让生命美丽而不轻佻，繁华而不浮躁。
【篇五：莫让浮云遮望眼】
“不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”数百年前，文人们就通过朗朗上口的诗歌告诫后人，对待事物要站在正确的角度，切不可让其他因素干扰了你对真相的审视。
宋人的墙为雨淋坏，儿子与邻翁对他做出了相同的提醒：“修好墙，以防盗。”盗贼果真光顾后，宋人称赞起儿子的先知先觉，却怀疑邻翁的手脚是否干净。同样的提醒，为何招来截然不同的态度，恐怕宋人正是被感情上的亲疏蒙蔽了双眼吧！自古以来，人们就颇为重视感情因素对事件成功与否的影响。“打虎亲兄弟，上阵父子兵。”诚然，感情上的亲密对事业的成功也许会起到一定作用，然而，在认知事物本质上，感情上的亲疏有时也会给人带来错觉以及误导。国外科学家曾做过试验，让试验者在一组照片中选出长像最符合审美标准的一张，结果受测者选出的容貌多与自己亲友相近。排除个人审美观念不谈，生活的耳儒目染对人的影响可见一斑。
视觉的评判尚且如此，事物本质的洞察更何以堪？自古以来多少人在感情因素上受到了蒙蔽。西晋王室广封王，欲使天下尽归司马氏之手，殊不知诸公之中良萎不齐，终于导致八王之乱、五胡乱中原的下场。三国中孔明因对马谩偏爱有加，忘却先主对马谩“华而不实”的评价，委以重任，终使《出师表》空有“真名世”，也不免“长使英雄泪满襟”。
如今，不也有领导干部任人唯亲、从而祸起萧墙的事例吗？可见，认知事物，为人处世，若戴上感情的有色眼镜，危害大矣！
“不畏浮云遮望眼，只缘身在最高层。”若要不被感情上好恶的云雾蒙蔽，身在高处，眼观四方不失为好的方法。岳家军威震四海，正是由于岳飞超越亲情，以军规处罚岳云，军风大肃，才有了“撼泰山易，撼岳家军难”的美谈。孔明事后挥泪斩马谩，以肃军纪，才没有因感情亲疏而再误军国大事。
一个公正的决断往往是建立在理性观察和思索基础上的。而摆脱感情上的干扰则是做出正确理性评价的先决因素。
也许真正完全超越情感的决定难以做出，然而，三思而后行，从多个角度思考是可以尽量避免感情上的误导。现今我国法规制度中“回避”和“协商”原则不正是对理性处事的指导和提倡吗？
“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。”从各个方面的理性观察，将帮助我们迈过感情的误区，真正认识到事物的复杂与多变性。而在一览无余的最高层，摆脱情感辑绊的我们，或许可以长吟：“莫让浮云遮望眼！”
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